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2009 Pest Management Guide for
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The chemicals, formulations, and rates listed for managing and
controlling insects, mites, and diseases of grapevines are among the best
recommendations based on label directions, research, and vineyard use
experience for Oregon vineyards. Only a thorough knowledge of the vineyard, cultivars,
planting density, vine vigor, canopy characteristics, pest complex, and past
pest problems will enable you to select chemicals, application rates, amount
of water used per acre, and method of application for optimum pest control.
Occasionally, different formulations of a product or similar formulations
containing a different concentration of active ingredient are registered and
effective for use on grapes and the pests listed; these products also may be
used, despite the fact that they are not listed in this document. This guide
does not intend to discriminate against products or formulations not listed
herein. You may wish to consult alternative product labels and determine
whether their use confers advantages over the products listed in this guide.
Formulations, application rates, and registration status may change. For this
reason, the details given in this document are accurate for the date of
release, but it is your responsibility to check label rates of all products
used on your farm. Always refer to the pesticide label instructions on use of a
specific product; it is the legal document for that product that explains the
effective rates and methods of use. Two questions frequently are asked about
the chemical control of insects and diseases: “How much chemical do I use per
acre?” and “What is the least amount of water I need per acre to apply in my
concentrate sprayer?” Notice that the schedule below suggests an amount of
formulated product (not active ingredient) to use per acre. This amount is
based on a “typical” middle age (7-15 years) and density vineyard (spacing of
5' x 7') with moderate pest pressure. Common sense indicates that less
material may be needed (than that given) for 1- to 4-year-old vineyards,
smaller vineyard canopies, and less severe pest infestations in comparison to
more severe pest infestations. Conversely, more volume (within label limits)
may be required for large, mature vines experiencing heavy pest pressure from
multiple pests. Many insecticide labels today indicate the minimum amount of
water needed per acre to apply concentrate sprays of insecticides, as well as
how to calculate the amount of chemical needed per acre in a concentrate
sprayer. CHECK THE PRODUCT LABEL BEFORE SPRAYING!! Some label directions
indicate dilute applications only.
Note: The Oregon Department of Agriculture
requires pesticide reporting. For more information, visit the Pesticide Use Reporting System website. If you use any product that is used to prevent or eradicate a
pest (disease, insect, weed, or rodent), you are required to report these
applications, whether using conventional, organic, sustainable, or any other
production practice or certification.
Additional Resources
Grape production
OSU Extension
Service Northwest Berry & Grape Information Network
Pest management handbooks
The handbooks listed above are updated
annually and can be ordered from OSU Extension
& Station Communications (e-mail: puborders@oregonstate.edu; phone:
541-737-2513; online catalog)
Note:
All chemicals marked with (O) in the Pacific
Northwest Plant Disease Management Handbook are allowed products listed
by the Organic Materials Review Institute (OMRI) and/or the USDA Organic
Program. The listed cultural and biological management tactics are also
organically acceptable. Grape powdery mildew information
OSU Department of Botany and Plant Pathology American
Phytopathological Society Resources for organic- and
sustainable-certified growers
References for certification
agencies and materials used in organic and sustainable production
systems are listed at the end of this publication.
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Controlling Insects and Diseases
This list of the more effective pesticides, their rates, and
appropriate timing is designed for growers who choose to use chemical
controls for disease and insect management. Remember these two points: (1) Very seldom do insect/mite pests pose economic impact on a
vineyard in Oregon. Do not use insecticide sprays unless a problem is known
to cause a negative economic impact. (2) Alternative control strategies may be available. See footnote 4. Please note that pesticide labels are subject
to cancellation at any time, so always consult a current product label for
usage and rates of application. You can obtain electronic labels online from
the Crop Data Management Systems website.
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Grape Growth Stages
Dormant (before April, stage 00) |
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Dormant (before April, stage 00) |
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Grape
mealybug, scales Currently the most often-used and most effective pesticides for mealybug
are not optimal during this period. For more effective timing, action should
begin during the delayed-dormant period. |
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Remove and destroy galled or cankered vines. Bring up suckers only if
well below the damaged area and above the graft union on grafted vines. If
you are making large cuts when retraining vines, consider leaving long stubs
to be cut away in the summer when conditions are dry (double pruning). |
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The application of lime sulfur during the dormant season or micronized
sulfur at 100% budbreak has reduced early-season inoculum in California and
New York. However, the application of these materials may not provide an
economic benefit in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. |
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Remove infected, bleached canes during normal pruning (see footnote 7).
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Delayed dormant (stages 1-13). Apply from before budbreak up to
the time shoots are 4 inches long
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Cutworms (grape leafroller, orange tortrix,
omnivorous leaffolder) Note: For all products, thorough coverage of vines
and immediate basal area is important. Cutworms are particularly troublesome
in vineyards with heavy broadleaf and grass weeds. |
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carbaryl 4F (Sevin and |
1 lb ai |
7-day
PHI. |
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Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) |
1 qt |
Do
not apply after bloom stage of growth. Do not exceed 2 qt/A or 2 applications per crop growing season. Do not apply this product through
any type of irrigation system. OR 24c. Use on nonbearing grapes only. 1-day worker
reentry interval. 90-day PHI.
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methomyl (Lannate LV) |
1.5-3 pt |
Restricted
use pesticide. 7-day worker
reentry interval. 14-day PHI.
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phosmet
(Imidan) |
2.1
lb |
Apply as a
prebloom spray only and no more than |
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spinetoram
(Delegate WG) |
0.0469- |
Retreatment
interval 4 days. Do not make more than |
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spinosad
(Success or |
0.062-0.125
lb ai
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Treat when pests appear. Heavy infestations may require repeat applications. Do not exceed 7.5 oz/A of Entrust (0.375 lb ai/A) or 29 fl oz/A of Success (0.45 lb ai/A) per season. Do not exceed 3 applications in any 30-day period; allow at least 5 days between applications. Entrust is approved for organic production. 7-day PHI. |
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Note: Carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, methomyl, and phosmet are broad-spectrum insecticides. Their use on foliage may adversely affect beneficial insect and mite populations, resulting in secondary outbreaks of spider mites and other pests. Apply insecticides to the trunks, wire, posts, and the ground immediately beneath the vines, avoiding foliage as much as possible. Apply late in the day to maximize contact toxicity to nocturnal larvae. |
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Grape
rust and bud mite (eriophyid mites) |
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Envidor (spirodiclofen) |
16-18 fl oz |
One application per crop season allowed; 18 fl oz maximum
allowed per crop season. 14-day PHI. |
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 2 weeks of a sulfur application, near
freezing temperatures, above 90ºF, or when foliage is wet. |
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M-Pede (potassium salts |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. |
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sulfur (micronized sulfur) |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 7- to 14-day intervals, depending
on label. |
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Rust mites may cause Short Shoot Syndrome (SSS), which
may result in crop losses. Feeding damage is believed to start when buds
become less tightly packed. Mites enter buds from surrounding overwintering
sites, such as outer bud scales, bark, crevices, pruning wounds, and
lenticels. Less tightly packed bud tissues allow mites to enter between bud
tissues, and feeding on susceptible developing tissues commences during this
period. Bud mites occur within buds during winter and can destroy bud tissues
before wooly bud. Currently, bud mites are found in limited locations, and
rust mites were found in the majority of cases where SSS was recorded. High
spray volumes and good coverage are essential. Two sprays 7-14 days apart are
essential to control continually emerging mites. |
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Thrips May cause scarring similar to that of early-season rust mite. Make
sure to monitor for presence before action. |
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kaolin
clay |
11.9-47.5 lb ai (12.5-50
lb product) |
The preferred
rate is 25 lb of product in 50 gal/A water. For suppression only.
Supplemental controls may be needed for complete control. Make 1 or 2
applications 7 days apart, starting at budbreak. |
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spinetoram |
3-5 oz |
Do not apply more than 5 times per crop year. Do not
apply within 7 days of harvest. Do not space applications closer than 4 days.
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spinosad |
4-8 oz |
Do not exceed 3 applications in any 30-day period. Allow
5 days between treatments. Do not exceed |
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Phylloxera Before treating,
ensure that phylloxera is present by sampling during the previous season. If
sampling shows presence, take action during the early part of the following
season. |
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thiamethoxam (Platinum) |
8-17 oz |
Can
be applied through dripper or microirrigation lines. Assure that the vineyard
is irrigated to field capacity before application in order to ensure proper
absorption into actively growing roots. The higher rate may give a second
season of control. This compound has good water solubility compared to other
systemic root-applied compounds. 30-day
PHI. |
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Grape mealybug |
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Applaud (buprofezin) |
12-24 oz |
No
more than 2 applications per season. Allow 14 days between applications. Do
not apply more than 24 oz/A per crop cycle. Do not apply within 7 days of harvest.
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imidacloprid |
3-4 fl oz |
Allow
14 days between applications. Maximum |
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Imidan (phosmet) |
1.125-1.333 lb |
Do
not apply more than 6.5 lb/A per season. |
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Provado Solupak |
0.75-1 oz |
Do
not use more than 2 oz/A per year. Allow 14 days between sprays. 0-day PHI. |
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thiamethoxam (Platinum |
8-17 oz |
Can
be applied through dripper or microirrigation lines. Assure that the vineyard
is irrigated to field capacity before application in order to ensure proper
absorption into actively growing roots. The higher rate may give a second
season of control. This compound has good water solubility compared to other systemic
root-applied compounds. 30-day PHI. |
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Shoots 1-5 inches long (stages 9-14) |
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Note: This disease may be called “deadarm” on some
labels. |
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Abound |
10-15.5 oz |
Do not apply more than 4 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Captan 80WDG |
2.5 lb |
0-day
PHI. |
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Dithane DF |
1.5-2.5 lb |
66-day
PHI. |
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Flint 50WG |
3 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
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Penncozeb 75DF |
1.5-2.5 lb |
66-day
PHI. |
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Pristine |
8-12.5 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
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Sovran |
3.2-4.8 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. See |
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Ziram 76DF |
3-4 lb |
— |
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Branch,
cane, or twig borer |
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Bacillus
thuringiensis |
0.5-2 lb |
Apply on 3-7 day schedule. Also available as organic
compound. |
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carbaryl (Sevin and other |
1-2 lb |
Chemical control normally not necessary if cultural practices are observed.
(See footnote 4.) If large populations of adults
occur in vineyard (late April-early June), carbaryl applied 2 to
3 times at 7- to 10-day intervals has given control. 7-day PHI.
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Cutworms See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Thrips See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Grape
rust mite See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Grape
mealybug See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Shoots 6 inches long (stages 14-15) |
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Powdery mildew,
grape erineum mite, and rust mite (See example strategy and fungicide effectiveness table.) |
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 2 weeks of a sulfur application, near
freezing temperatures, above 90ºF, or when foliage is wet. |
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M-Pede |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. |
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Sulfur |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.) Wettable
sulfur seems to be more effective in controlling the grape erineum mite than
the flowable sulfur formulations. Sulfur’s activity is effective from 57° to
83°F.
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Powdery mildew
only (See example strategy and fungicide effectiveness table.)
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Abound |
10-15.5 oz |
Do not apply more than 4 times per year. Do not apply more
than 2 sequential sprays before alternating with a fungicide that has a
different mode of action. |
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application, near
freezing temperatures, or when foliage is wet. |
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Kaligreen |
2-3 lb |
Supplemental to a normal program only when powdery mildew
is first observed. |
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M-Pede |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. |
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Pristine |
8-12.5 oz |
14-day
PHI. |
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Procure 480SC |
4-8 fl oz |
Do not use more than 32 fl oz/A per year. 7-day PHI. |
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Quintec |
3-6.6 oz |
Do not apply more than 5 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Sovran |
3.2-4.8 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. See |
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Sulfur |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.) Sulfur’s
activity is effective from 57° to 83°F.
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Grape
mealybug See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Yellowjackets Life cycle: Nests of both yellowjackets and paper wasps typically are begun in spring by a queen that overwinters and becomes active as soon as temperatures increase. The queen emerges in late winter/early spring to feed and start a new nest. From spring to midsummer, nests are in the growth phase, and the larvae require large amounts of protein; at this time, workers forage mainly for protein (usually in the form of other insects) and for some sugars. By late summer, however, the colonies grow more slowly or cease growth and require large amounts of sugar to maintain the queen and workers. Foraging wasps are particularly interested in sweet things at this time. Management: Wasps can be managed by trapping (using a baited trap designed for that purpose), by early-season removal of nests, or by spraying the nest or nesting site with an insecticide labeled for that use. Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort that needs to start in spring and continue into fall, especially if the yellowjacket population was large the previous year. In spring, there is a 30- to 45-day period when new queens first emerge before they build nests. Trapping queens during this period has the potential to provide an overall reduction in the yellowjacket population for the season. A greater number of traps may reduce the likelihood of pest numbers building up later in the season. One trap per acre is adequate in spring. Follow the instructions on the product and labels in order to optimize control. For more information on the yellowjacket life cycle, trapping, and other management methods for this pest, see the UC-Davis IPM Online website. If monitoring during the previous season showed yellowjacket presence, begin action during the early part of the following season in order to maintain adequate control toward the latter part of the season. |
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Registered bait traps |
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Phylloxera See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Thrips See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Prebloom (stage 17) |
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Cutworms Note: This timing for cutworm control usually is
less effective than earlier season control. See materials and remarks for
earlier growth stages. |
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Grape
mealybug See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Thrips See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Grape
erineum and rust mite |
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application. |
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M-Pede |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. |
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Sulfur 80 to 90% |
3-6 lb |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.)
Wettable sulfur seems to be more effective in controlling the grape erineum
mite than the flowable sulfur formulations.
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Phylloxera See materials and
remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Powdery mildew
(See example strategy and fungicide effectiveness table.)
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Abound |
10-15.5 oz |
Do not apply more than 4 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Elite 45WP |
4 oz |
Do not apply more than 2 lb per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Flint 50WG |
1.5-2 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not apply more than 4 times per year. See footnote 9. 14-day PHI.
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application. |
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Kaligreen |
2-3 lb |
Supplemental to a normal program only when powdery mildew
is first observed. 1-day PHI. |
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M-Pede |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. Use as
a supplement to a normal program. |
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Pristine |
8-12.5 oz |
14-day
PHI. |
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Procure 480SC |
4-8 fl oz |
Do not use more than 32 fl oz/A per year. 7-day PHI. |
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Quintec |
3-6.6 oz |
Do not apply more than 5 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rally 40WSP |
3-5 oz |
Do not apply more than 1.5 lb/A per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rubigan EC |
2 oz |
Do not apply more than 19 oz/A per year. Must have a
minimum concentration of 2 oz/100 gal and use a surfactant. Use lower rates
early in the growing season. (See footnote 5.)
30-day PHI.
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Sovran |
3.2-4.8 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. See |
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Sulfur |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.)
Sulfur’s activity is effective from 57° to 83°F.
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Scout for vines
showing symptoms of this disease and mark for removal later in the year
during dry weather or during the dormant season. Removal earlier in the
season when rainfall is available can lead to further infection. |
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Bloom (stages 61-69). See footnote 7.
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Powdery mildew (See example strategy and fungicide effectiveness table.)
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Abound |
10-15.5 oz |
Do not apply more than 4 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Elite 45WP |
4 oz |
Do not apply more than 2 lb per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Flint 50WG |
1.5-2 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not
apply more than 4 times per year. See footnote 9.
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application. |
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Pristine |
8-12.5 oz |
14-day
PHI. |
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Procure 480SC |
4-8 fl oz |
Do not use more than 32 fl oz/A per year. 7-day PHI. |
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Quintec |
3-6.6 oz |
Do not apply more than 5 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rally 40WSP |
3-5 oz |
Do not apply more than 1.5 lb/A per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rubigan EC |
4-6 oz |
Do not apply more than 19 oz/A per year. Must have a
minimum concentration of 2 oz/100 gal. Use lower rates early in the growing
season. (See footnote 5.) |
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Sovran |
3.2-4 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. See |
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Sulfur |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day
intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.) Sulfur’s activity is effective from 57° to
83°F. |
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Botrytis bunch
rot (See infection table and example strategy.)
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Botran 75WSB |
2-4.7 lb |
Fruit marking can occur on some cultivars when combined
with sulfur. |
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Captan 80WDG |
2.5 lb |
Do not use with oil. 0-day
PHI. |
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Elevate 50WDG |
1 lb |
See footnote 3. Do not use
more than 3 lb/A per season. |
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Endura |
8 oz |
Do not use more than 3 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
May aid botrytis control. Tank mix with another
fungicide. Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application. |
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Pristine |
18.5-23 oz |
Higher rate based on supplemental label. 14-day PHI. |
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Rovral 4F |
1-2 pt |
Do not use more than twice per season. See footnote 3. |
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Scala SC |
9-18 oz |
See footnote 3. 7-day PHI.
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Vangard 75WG |
5-10 oz |
See footnote 3. Buffer to a
pH of 5-7 when tank mixing with Rovral. 7-day
PHI.
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Grape
mealybug See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Postbloom (stage 71) |
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Botrytis bunch
rot (See infection table and example strategy.)
Remove leaves around fruit zone to increase spray penetration and
increase air flow to prevent infection. Take precautions when removing
leaves, as berry sunburn can be a problem if leaf removal occurs too late or if
too many leaves are removed. Some sunburn can be avoided by removing the
east-side leaves only. In areas with high temperatures and sunlight intensity
(eastern Oregon), sunburn can be more of a problem than in cooler regions
(Willamette Valley). |
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Late spring, bloom through set (stages
65-70) |
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Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
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Powdery mildew (See example strategy
and fungicide effectiveness table.) Use materials at shortest recommended intervals during this period.
Fungicides are not a problem when used during bloom, but powdery mildew
surely is! |
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Abound |
10-15.5 oz |
Do not apply more than 4 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Elite 45WP |
4 oz |
Do not apply more than 2 lb per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Flint 50WG |
1.5-2 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not
apply more than 4 times per year. See footnote 9.
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JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 10 days of a sulfur application. |
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Kaligreen |
2-3 lb |
Supplemental to a normal program only when powdery mildew
is first observed. 1-day PHI. |
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M-Pede |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. Use as
a supplement to a normal program. |
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Pristine |
8-12.5 oz |
14-day PHI. |
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Procure 480SC |
4-8 fl oz |
Do not use more than 32 fl oz/A per year. 7-day PHI. |
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Quintec |
3-6.6 oz |
Do not apply more than 5 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rally 40WSP |
3-5 oz |
Do not apply more than 1.5 lb/A per year. 14-day PHI. |
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Rubigan EC |
4-6 oz |
Do not apply more than 19 oz/A per year. Must have a
minimum concentration of 2 oz/100 gal and use a surfactant. Use lower rates
early in growing season. (See footnote 5.) 30-day PHI.
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Sovran |
3.2-4.8 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. See footnote 10. 14-day PHI.
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sulfur |
Check label |
Repeat as necessary at 10- to 14-day intervals. (See footnote 1 and footnote 2.) Sulfur’s
activity is effective from 57° to 83°F.
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Black
vine weevil |
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azadirachtin |
10 oz |
This active ingredient is also available as organic
compounds. For best results, apply 7-10 days apart. |
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bifenthrin |
0.1 lb |
30-day
PHI. |
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Guthion 50WSP |
1.5-2 lb |
Restricted
use pesticide. Apply in July
and August if shoot injury is present. Do not apply more than 3 times per
season. This is a legal pesticide use not found on the label. 21-day worker
reentry interval for certain activities. 21-day
PHI. |
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Surround WP |
20-40 lb/100 gal water |
This is a kaolin clay product that is registered for
organic production use as a crop protectant. |
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Branch
and twig borer See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
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Leafhopper There are several compounds registered to use for leafhoppers on
grapes. A list of compounds that are regularly used is presented below. |
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acetamiprid (Assail) |
0.05
lb ai |
Do
not exceed 2 applications per season, and allow at least 14 days between
applications. 7-day PHI. |
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actara |
1.5-3.5
oz |
Do
not exceed 7 oz/A per season.
Allow 14 days between applications. 7-day PHI. |
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baythriod |
2.4-3.2
fl oz |
Maximum
allowed per field season is 12.8 fl oz. |
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buprofezin (Applaud) |
0.4-0.5
lb ai |
Use 50-200 gal/A
water. Do not exceed 2 applications per season, and allow 14 days between
applications. |
|
Guthion
50WSP |
1.5-2 lb |
Restricted
use pesticide. 21-day worker
reentry interval for certain activities. 21-day
PHI. |
|
imidacloprid (Provado |
0.035-0.05
lb ai |
Each packet
contains 1 oz of product. Do not exceed |
|
insecticidal soap |
2%
solution |
Consult
label for rates. 0-day PHI. |
|
malathion (several brands) |
1-2.5
lb ai |
Certain
grape varieties may be injured after clusters appear; check label. 3-day PHI. |
|
malathion 5EC |
3 pt |
Apply as needed from mid-May to June. Leafhoppers are
more common on vinifera and hybrid grapes. Mealybugs often are a problem in
the summer. Malathion gives marginal control of leafhopper and mealybug. The
EC formulation may cause phytotoxicity on leaves and fruit of certain
varieties. 3-day PHI. |
|
Provado 75WP “Solupak” |
0.75-1 oz |
Apply higher rate for heavy infestations of mealybugs. Do
not apply more than 2 oz/A per year. Allow at least 14 days between
applications. 0-day PHI. |
|
Thrips See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Grape
erineum mite The leaf strain of erineum mite has no effect on yield or quality.
Heavy infestations, however, are unsightly. Sulfur used earlier for mildew
control should adequately control this pest. |
||
|
Stinkbugs |
||
|
endosulfan 3C |
1.33-2 qt |
Check label before use. Severe burning may result on
certain varieties. This is a legal pesticide use not found on the label. 1-day worker reentry interval. 7-day
PHI.
|
|
Leafhoppers
only |
||
|
carbaryl 4F, 4L |
2-4 pt |
7-day
PHI. |
|
diazinon |
1-2 pt |
Restricted
use pesticide. 1-day worker
reentry interval. 28-day PHI.
|
|
M-Pede |
1.5-2 gal/100 gal water |
Do not use within 3 days of a sulfur application. Also
provides contact kill of powdery mildew. |
|
Provado 75WP |
0.75-1 oz |
Use no more than 2 oz/A per year. 0-day PHI. |
|
Summer (late June and July, stages 71-77)
|
||
|
Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
|
Powdery mildew (See example strategy
and fungicide effectiveness table.) See materials and remarks for late spring, bloom through set stage.
|
||
|
Spider
mites |
||
|
Acramite 50WS |
0.75-1 lb |
5-day worker reentry interval for certain activities.
Make only 1 application per season. 14-day
PHI.
|
|
Fujimite |
1-2 pt |
Do not apply more than 50 gal water per acre. Do not
apply more than 2 pt per season. 14
day-PHI. |
|
Kelthane 35WSP |
2.5 lb |
7-day
PHI. |
|
M-Pede |
1.5-2 gal/100 gal water |
Do not use within 3 days of sulfur application. |
|
Omite 30W |
5-9 lb |
14-day worker reentry interval. Do not use more than
twice per season. 21-day PHI. |
|
pyridaben (Nexter and |
5.2-10.67 oz |
Do not apply more than twice per season. Harmful to
predatory mites. 7-day PHI. |
|
spirodiclofen (Envidor) |
0.25-0.28
lb ai |
Use at least 100
gal/A. Do not use more than once per season. 14-day PHI.
|
|
Vendex 50WP |
1-2.5 lb |
Do not use more than twice per season. 28-day PHI. |
|
Late summer (July to August, stages 76-81)
|
||
|
Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
|
Powdery mildew (See example strategy
and fungicide effectiveness table.) See materials and remarks for late spring, bloom through set stage.
Pay close attention to preharvest restrictions.
|
||
|
Grape
mealybug See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Thrips
See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Leafhoppers See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Mites See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Grape
rust mite See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Yellowjackets See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Beginning of berry touch (Stage 77) |
||
|
Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
|
Botrytis bunch
rot (See infection table and example strategy.)
|
||
|
Captan 80WDG |
2.5 lb |
Do not use with oil. 0-day
PHI. |
|
Elevate 50WDG |
1 lb |
See footnote 3. Do not use
more than 3 lb/A per season. 0-day PHI.
|
|
Endura |
8 oz |
Do not use more than 3 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
|
JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
May aid botrytis control if used for powdery mildew. Tank
mix with another fungicide. |
|
Rovral 4F |
1-2 pt |
Do not use more than twice per season. See footnote 3. |
|
Scala SC |
9-18 oz |
See footnote 3. 7-day PHI.
|
|
Vangard 75WG |
5-10 oz |
See footnote 3. Buffer to a pH
of 5-7 when tank mixing with Rovral. 7-day
PHI.
|
|
Véraison (Stage 81) |
||
|
Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount |
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
|
Botrytis bunch
rot (See infection table and example strategy.)
|
||
|
Captan 80WDG |
2.5 lb |
Do not use with oil. 0-day
PHI. |
|
Elevate 50WDG |
1 lb |
See footnote 3. Do not use
more than 3 lb/A per season. 0-day PHI.
|
|
Endura |
8 oz |
Do not use more than 3 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
|
JMS Stylet oil |
1-2 gal/100 gal |
May aid botrytis control if used for powdery mildew. Tank
mix with another fungicide. |
|
Pristine |
18.5-23 oz |
Higher rate based on supplemental label. 14-day PHI. |
|
Rovral 4F |
1-2 pt |
Do not use more than twice per season. See footnote 3. |
|
Scala SC |
9-18 oz |
|
|
Vangard 75WG |
5-10 oz |
See footnote 3. Buffer to a
pH of 5-7 when tank mixing with Rovral. 7-day
PHI.
|
|
Preharvest (Stages 81-88) |
||
|
Insect
or disease/Materials |
Amount
|
Remarks
and minimum days from last application to harvest (PHI) |
|
Botrytis bunch
rot (See infection table and example strategy.)
|
||
|
Botran 75W |
2-4.7 lb |
Fruit marking can occur on some cultivars when combined
with sulfur. |
|
Captan 80WDG |
2.5 lb |
Do not use with oil. 0-day
PHI. |
|
Elevate 50WDG |
1 lb |
See footnote 3. Do not use
more than 3 lb/A per season. 0-day PHI.
|
|
Endura |
8 oz |
Do not use more than 3 times per year. 14-day PHI. |
|
Pristine |
8-10.5 oz |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
Rovral 4F |
1-2 pt |
Do not use more than twice per season. See footnote 3. |
|
Scala SC |
9-18 oz |
See footnote 3. 7-day PHI.
|
|
Vangard 75WG |
5-10 oz |
See footnote 3. Buffer to a
pH of 5-7 when tank mixing with Rovral. 7-day
PHI.
|
|
Leafhoppers See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
Phylloxera Scout for possible infestations. See footnote 6.
Do not use soil drenches as they are ineffective for eradication due to poor
penetration, especially in clay soils.
|
||
|
Yellowjackets See materials and remarks for earlier growth stages.
|
||
|
|
||
Footnotes
1.
The
sulfur spray schedule listed is not
intended for use on Vitis labrusca, some American Vitis
species, or some interspecific hybrid cultivars,
which are genetically sensitive to sulfur even at low temperatures. Sulfur
products used for powdery mildew control can burn foliage of any grapevine,
whether Vitis vinifera or other
Vitis spp., when applied
above 85°F. The relationship is correlated with increases in the daily
maximum temperature within a few days after application. Grapes in California
can withstand sulfur applications (at lower rates) above 85°F if there is no
major short-term change in the daily maximum. Once vines are acclimated to
higher temperatures, the chance of burn is greatly reduced. 2.
Control
of powdery mildew
in susceptible Vitis vinifera cultivars
involves the regular application of fungicides. It is impossible to give an
exact schedule since the timing, intensity, and frequency of applications depends
on weather, vine growth, and potential inoculum due to previous infestations,
which vary from year to year and region to region. (See example strategy and fungicide
effectiveness table.) 3.
Resistance
to Elevate, Rovral, Scala, or Vangard is highly likely if only one is used
exclusively. The bunch closing and/or véraison applications are the most
important for disease control. Tank mix or alternate materials that have a
different mode of action. 4.
This
publication lists chemicals as well as some other methods of pest control. It
is intended to serve as a supplement to the pest management chapters
published in Oregon Viticulture
(2003). These chapters have more complete descriptions of pests and more
complete information on cultural methods of pest control. This book can be
purchased online through the OSU Bookstore. 5.
High
rates of Rubigan early in the season may cause a burning of the leaf margin. 6.
Symptoms
of phylloxera infestation include low vigor, yellow foliage, and early leaf
drop. Symptomatic vines appear in a lens-shaped area of the vineyard, and the
size of the affected area will increase annually. To verify infestation, you
must inspect vine roots for the pest. Population levels are highest in mid-
to late summer. There is no effective chemical control for this pest. Avoid
all movement of soil and plant material between vineyards to decrease the
rate of spread. Refer to the OSU Extension Service publication Phylloxera: Strategies for Management in Oregon’s
Vineyards, EC 1463 (1995) for more information. 7.
Pruning
during the dormant season alone should control phomopsis cane and leaf spot
in most vineyards. 8.
Use
materials at shortest recommended intervals during this period. Other
products not listed also are registered for powdery mildew control. They are
not recommended due to resistance problems (Topsin) or lack of efficacy in
research conducted in the Pacific Northwest (Kaligreen). 9.
Do not
use Flint on Concord (Vitis labrusca)
grapes. 10.
Sovran
drift may injure some sweet cherry cultivars such as Van; be very careful
when spraying near cherry orchards. |
|
|
Effectiveness
of Fungicides for Control of Grape Diseases |
|
Fungicide
|
Fungicide
|
Phomopsis
cane |
Powdery |
Botrtyis
|
|
azoxystrobin (Abound) |
Group 11 |
Fair to good |
Excellent |
Slight to fair |
|
captan (Captan, Captec) |
Group M4 |
Excellent |
Not effective |
Slight |
|
cyprodinil (Vangard) |
Group 9 |
Not effective |
Not effective |
Good to excellent |
|
DCNA (Botran) |
Group 14 |
? |
Not effective |
Slight |
|
Endura |
Group 7 |
Not effective |
Excellent |
Good to excellent |
|
fenarimol (Rubigan) |
Group 3 |
Not effective |
Good |
Not effective |
|
fenhexamid (Elevate) |
Group 17 |
Not effective |
Not effective |
Good |
|
fixed copper |
Group M1 |
Slight |
Moderate |
Slight to none |
|
iprodione (Rovral, Nevado) |
Group 2 |
Not effective |
Not effective |
Moderate |
|
kresoxim-methyl (Sovran) |
Group 11 |
Fair to good |
Excellent |
Slight to fair |
|
mancozeb |
Group M3 |
Excellent |
Not effective |
Not effective |
|
myclobutanil (Rally) |
Group 3 |
Not effective |
Good |
Not effective |
|
potassium bicarbonates (Kaligreen) |
Not classified |
Not effective |
Slight |
Slight |
|
Pristine |
Group 11 and 7 |
? (fair to good) |
Excellent |
Good |
|
Quintec |
Group 13 |
Not effective |
Excellent |
None |
|
Scala |
Group 9 |
Not effective |
None |
Good |
|
soap (M-Pede) |
Not classified |
? |
Good |
? |
|
sulfur (several formulations) |
Group M2 |
Slight |
Good to excellent |
Not effective |
|
Stylet oil (JMS) |
Not classified |
Not effective |
Good |
Slight |
|
tebuconazole (Elite) |
Group 3 |
Not effective |
Good |
Not effective |
|
triadimefon (Bayleton) |
Group 3 |
Not effective |
Good |
Not effective |
|
trifloxystrobin (Flint) |
Group 11 |
Fair to good |
Excellent |
Slight to fair |
|
triflumizol (Procure) |
Group 3 |
Not effective |
Excellent |
Not effective |
|
ziram (Ziram) |
Group M2 |
Good |
Not effective |
Not effective |
|
Follow the “Rules” for fungicide stewardship: Rotate or mix fungicides of different chemical
groups. Use labeled rates. Limit total number of applications. Educate yourself about fungicide activity, mode
of action, and class—as well as resistance management practices. Start a fungicide program with multisite mode
of action materials. For more information about fungicides registered for use on grape and their specific modes of action, consult the following OSU Extension publication: How to Reduce the Risk of Pesticide Resistance in Winegrape Pests in Oregon, EM 8968. |
Example of a Strategy for Powdery Mildew
Control |
|
|
|
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|
|
|
There is no cure for vine viruses. Prevention is the key. It is advised that growers plant vineyards with certified clean plant materials. Certified plants are those tested and cultured to be free of specific grapevine viruses. Not all grapevines are certified. If vines are not certified, there is no guarantee they are free of viruses. Because the detection methods for viruses are constantly becoming more precise, and new strains of viruses are being identified, there is no way to guarantee certified plant materials will always be free of virus. However, the first line of defense is to purchase certified stock. When contacting nurseries to purchase plant materials, be sure to inquire about their certified stock and order well in advance to ensure availability for your order. Finally, certain insects and nematodes can vector (carry) viruses and infect healthy vines. Preventing infestation and movement of insect pests can help reduce spread of viruses. If you suspect virus in your vineyard, you can submit samples to a virus testing lab. Contact your local Extension agent, farm consultant, or OSU faculty to identify testing labs. Be sure to follow appropriate sampling timing and methods to submit tissue for specific tests. Also, be aware that PCR testing can be more definitive than ELISA tests.
|
Mites in Western Oregon Vineyards
Vaughn Walton, Amy Dreves, and Patty Skinkis,
OSU Department of Horticulture; James Todd, Willamette Agricultural Service; with
previous work by Anne Connelley (former OSU Extension viticulture specialist)
and Jim Fisher (emeritus researcher with USDA-ARS Entomology) Mite pests can be
divided into two groups: spider and eriophyid mites. The main distinguishing
characteristic for the two groups is the number of legs: the adults of spider
mites generally have four pairs of legs, and eriophyids have two pairs. The
three major spider mite pests on wine grapes in Oregon are Willamette mite, Eotetranychus willamettei (McGregor);
twospotted mite, Tetranychus urticae
(McGregor); and Pacific mite, Tetranychus
pacificus. Mixed populations often are observed in vineyards.
Descriptions and illustrations of these pests are available from the
University of California-Davis (see Grape Pest Management, UC-Davis
and UC-Davis website). The main species
of eriophyid mites found in Oregon vineyards are rust mite (Calepitrimerus vitis) and bud mite (Colomerus vitis) (Acari: Eriophyidae).
Spider mites
Pacific and Willamette
mites deposit their eggs singly on the underside of leaves and, when
populations are high, on the upper portion of the leaves. A fine papilla hair
distinguishes the Willamette mite egg. At the larval stage, spider mites have
six legs. Spots (called food spots) can be seen with a magnifying glass on
the sides of the bodies of Pacific and Willamette mites. At the next two life
stages, mites have eight legs and darker food spots. The adult stage of spider
mites provides an opportunity to distinguish among the three species. Pacific
females at first seem to lack food spots, but, as feeding commences, two
large, diffuse spots appear on the back (dorsum) in the forward position and
two smaller spots on the rear. The rear spots distinguish Pacific spider
mites from twospotted spider mites. Adult female Willamette mites are pale,
with several small, dark spots along the side of their body and behind their
eyes. Pacific and Willamette adult males are one-half the size of mature
females and have pointed abdomens. Spider mite activity
has been observed in the north Willamette Valley, but only a few “flare-ups”
have been observed in isolated sites during the past 10 years. A survey of 44
vineyards in 5 western Oregon valleys was conducted in 1998 and 1999 (Prischmann et al. 2002). Tetranychus
urticae, the twospotted spider mite, was the dominant pest, and Typhlodromus pyri was the dominant
predator mite. Eleven of the 44 vineyards had excellent control of the spider
mite with the predator T. pyri,
27 had good control, and 6 had poor control. Sites adjacent to riparian
habitat had fewer spider mites but similar populations of predator mites. In the summer of 2002,
mites collected in the foothills of the north Willamette Valley were
confirmed by OSU entomologists to be the Willamette spider mite. This mite
has been considered a secondary pest in other wine grape regions. With high
populations, the Willamette spider mite can act as a “vaccination” to reduce
outbreaks of Pacific spider mites. Spider mites cause
little plant injury in Oregon vineyards. Willamette spider mite injury levels
in California have been established. No changes in grape productivity have
been seen with populations of fewer than 30 Willamette mites per leaf. On
rare occasions, Willamette mites can cause leaf damage on young shoots in the
spring, but plants often outgrow the injury. In north coastal California,
this mite can be troublesome on vines with small canopies. Willamette mites
produce considerably less webbing on plants than do twospotted mites, which
sometimes web leaves together. Monitoring mite populations
Willamette spider mite
primarily colonizes the underside of leaves and tends to disperse over the
entire leaf surface. It prefers lower leaves in shady areas of the canopy and
shows little preference for vertical shoot tips at the top of the vines
(according to observations in California).
Begin monitoring
vineyards in early May, once the canopy begins to develop and leaves have
unfolded and begun expansion. Continue monitoring and sampling throughout the
growing season. Collect leaf samples from the vine canopy from several areas
distributed throughout the vineyard. To collect samples, select 10 to 15
vines and remove a few leaves from the middle to lower canopy of each vine.
Turn leaves over and, using a 10X lens, note the presence and number of
mites. If populations reach
0.01 per leaf in a vineyard block infested the previous year, consider
releasing predators. Consider chemical treatment if populations reach 0.5 per
leaf in a vineyard block infested the previous year. You will need a stronger power hand lens to identify species of spider mites
and predator mites. Consult the resources listed below
for additional information on identification.
The spider mite
resting stage, also called diapause, can be triggered by the onset of fall
temperatures or by heavy feeding (indicated by bronzing of leaves). As they
enter diapause, mites move under the bark and leaf litter. To monitor mites
in the latter parts of the season, pay attention to permanent vine parts
rather than leaves. Peel back bark on trunks in the fall and winter to
observe masses of mites. Spider mites will reemerge in the spring. A 45X power lens is
needed to distinguish among species. If a suitable lens is not available,
collect specimens in 70 percent alcohol for identification by an
entomologist. Visit the OSU Insect Identification Clinic website for instructions for
submitting a sample.
Eriophyid mites
Eriophyid mites cannot
be seen with the naked eye, and suspected infected material needs to be
investigated under a microscope before recommendations can be made. Increased
bud and rust mite populations (Calepitrimerus
vitis and Colomerus vitis
(Acari: Eriophyidae) have been associated with Short Shoot Syndrome (SSS) symptoms
in a 3-year study in Oregon vineyards (Walton et al. 2007). Symptoms associated with SSS
include puckered or malformed basal leaves, scarring, severely stunted shoot
growth, and loss of grape clusters. During winter, rust mites are dormant,
and no evidence of direct bud damage from rust mites was found inside
undeveloped buds. Tissue damage from mites was first observed between bud
break and the two-leaf stage in mite-infested vineyards. Rust mite
colonies were found under outer bud scales and bark of canes close to the
buds. Crop losses in vineyard blocks can be severe and are directly linked to
rust mite infestations and SSS from several vineyards sampled in
Oregon. In severe cases, growers experience complete crop losses due to
the abortion of affected shoots and attached clusters. Vine structure can be
impacted due to the dieback of affected shoots, and this may have a negative
impact on crop quality. These symptoms were first noticed during 2001 in
Oregon. For more information on SSS and eriophyid mite monitoring and
management see Short Shoot
Syndrom of Grapes in the Pacific Northwest.
In order to
distinguish symptoms of mite-related SSS from unrelated symptoms, consult the
online publication titled Grapevine
Growth Distortions (EM 8975-E) on the Oregon State University Extension
website.
Control measures
Cultural
Mite control measures
include reducing dusty conditions in and around the vineyard. These
conditions can be caused by heavy cultivation, tractor rights-of-way, and
gravel roads. Cultivation between vine rows can increase temperatures, which
can lead to higher mite populations.
Reduce dusty
conditions in hot spots within the vineyard by
planting cover crops or maintaining a mulch cover. Perennial grass cover
crops can serve as an excellent noncompetitive cover in most Willamette
Valley vineyards, and they also provide traction for workers and equipment.
Other cover crops may include early-flowering plants that provide pollen and
nectar for beneficial insects. Fava bean (bell bean) and common vetch contain
nectar glands, which provide food sources for predators. These legumes are
considered green-manure plow-in or mow-down cover crops. Plant them with
cereals in the fall (by October 1), and mow or cultivate the following spring
when the legume begins to flower and the cereals begin tillering (formation
of auxiliary shoots). Research on vineyard cover crop management is currently
being conducted at OSU. Biological
Typhlodromus pyri and Metaseiulus
occidentalis predator mites have been used for biological control in
other perennial crops in the Willamette Valley and to a lesser extent in wine
grapes. Consult professional entomologists before releasing predators in
order to maximize their effectiveness. Used in combination with good ground
management, predator mites will help control spider mite populations. M. occidentalis can provide early-season control. This species must be ordered
in advance from a qualified insectarium. Predators must be protected from excessive
heat or extended transport times. Beneficials should be released during more
optimal times during the season. Releases should be timed to not coincide
with pesticide applications. Reentry periods may give an indication as to
intervals needed before releases are done after pesticide applications. If
releases are done during periods when pest mites cannot be reached (dormant
periods when mites overwinter under bark, in crevices, and in pruning
wounds), probability of survival is small. If releases are timed during
midsummer, releases should be done during the early morning, allowing
movement to more optimal environments. Spider mite
populations should be high enough to feed M.
occidentalis but not so high as to overwhelm the predators. Thresholds of
0.01 Willamette spider mites per leaf are thought to be the level at which M. occidentalis should be released.
(This threshold applies to the first generation, not the overwintering
generation.) Based on monitoring at several sites in the north Willamette
Valley in 2003, the recommended release date for M. occidentalis is late June or
early July. Complement the M. occidentalis release with a T. pyri release later in July. T. pyri does not have a high dispersal
rate and does not spread rapidly throughout a vineyard; mites will
reestablish slowly over several years. M. occidentalis is thought to give
early control so that T. pyri is
not overwhelmed later in the season. Collect T. pyri from neighboring crops such as
domestic blackberry or fruit nurseries that contain high predator
populations. T. pyri feeds on
pollen in these crops as an additional food source. To avoid accidentally
introducing unwanted spider mites such as the twospotted spider mite, consult
a qualified entomologist to verify species before collecting and
redistributing plant material. Fungicides used for powdery mildew
control and their effects on mite predators
Early-season
applications of sulfur fungicides for the control of powdery mildew may
reduce T. pyri populations.
Substituting Stylet oil or synthetic fungicides at labeled rates instead of
sulfur early in the season will provide control of powdery mildew with less
impact on predators. However, it is unknown to what degree predators are
affected by early-season applications of Stylet oil in wine grapes in Oregon.
Trials are currently being conducted to determine the effects of commonly
used pesticides on predatory mite populations. Take care when
changing from oils to sulfur to prevent phytotoxicity. Consult the Stylet oil
label. The fungicide groups
of DMIs (Group 3–Elite, Procure, Rally, or Rubigan) or strobilurins (QoI or
Group 11–Abound, Flint, Pristine, or Sovran) are less harmful to T. pyri populations than are sulfur
products. Mite hot spots
Use multiple methods
to control “hot spots” of spider mite populations. Review early-season
fungicide programs and change them if necessary to reduce effects on predator
populations. Consider using cover crops to reduce dusty conditions and
provide nectar sources and fertility, but avoid direct competition with
grapevines. Delay removing the cover crop during the growing season and
supplement with drip irrigation to reduce dust and provide water for vine
growth. Introduce predators with the guidance of trained entomologists to
increase effectiveness. Chemical
Use mid- to
late-season application of pesticides as a final resort to control mites only
if necessary due to the impact of these products on beneficial insects and
organisms. Always obtain guidance from a qualified consultant. Follow labeled
rates and refer to the websites listed below regarding effects of spray
materials on predators. The PNW Insect Management Handbook
contains a section on grape pests, written by David James of Washington State
University. James presents information that supports the theory that mite
pest problems result from elimination or suppression of natural enemies.
Although chemical controls are listed, it is critical that you read the
product label before using any chemical. Information on spray
materials used for the control of spider mites is available online
from UC-Davis.
References cited
Website resources
OSU Viticulture &
Enology website
OSU Insect Identification Clinic UC-Davis Pest Management Guidelines for Web-spinning Spider Mites UC-Davis IPM Program for Grape Pests Washington Spider Mites—Secondary Pests of Washington Online Phenology and Degree-day Model Biotactics, Biological Controls of Spider Mites Additional references
McNally, P.S. and D.S.
Farnham. 1985. Effects of Willamette Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on Chenin
Blanc and Zinfandel Grape Varieties. J. Econ. Entomol. 78: 947-950.
Welter, S.C., D.S. Farnham,
P.S. McNally, and R. Freeman.
1989. Effect of Willamette Mite and Pacific Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on
Grape Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance. Environ. Entomol. 18(6):
953-957. Welter, S.C., P.S. McNally,
and D.S. Farnham. 1989. Effect of Willamette Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae) on
Grape Productivity and Quality: A Reappraisal. Environ. Entomol. 18(3):
408-411. Welter, S.C., R. Freeman,
and D.S. Farnham. 1991. Recovery of ‘Zinfandel’ Grapevines from Feeding
Damage by Willamette Spider Mite (Acari: Tetranychidae): Implications for
Economic Injury Level Studies in Perennial Crops. 20(1): 104-109. Karban, R. and G.M.
English-Loeb. 1990. A “Vaccination” of Willamette Spider Mites (Acari:
Tetranychidae) to Prevent Large Populations of Pacific Spider Mites on
Grapevines. Environ. Entomol. 83(6): 2252-2257. Southwood, T.R.E.
1971. Ecological Methods with
Particular Reference to the Study of Insect Populations. Chapman &
Hall, London. Helle, W. and M.W.
Sabelis. 1985. Spider Mites: Their
Biology, Natural Enemies and Control, Volume 1A. Elsevier Science
Publishing Co., Inc., New York, NY. |
Compare the total expected output with the total required output.
|
(G)_____gal/min |
Total
required output |
|
(H)_____gal/min |
Total
expected output |
|
If the difference between expected and required output exceeds
10 percent, replace with appropriate disc-core nozzle combinations that will
provide the required output at your operating pressure. Keep in mind that all
nozzles do not need to have equal output. You may want to have higher output
nozzles pointing at the fruit zone of the vines. Remember that total expected
output still must equal total required output, so use lower output nozzles
elsewhere on the boom. Repeat this procedure on the other side of the
sprayer. 5. Is your sprayer delivering the desired
spray volume? |
Fill in the following known quantities, insert into the equation
below, and calculate your result.
|
(A)_____ft |
Length
of vineyard test row,
recorded above |
|
(F)_____ft |
Distance
between rows, recorded above |
|
(I)_____gal |
Test
gallons applied |
| [43,560 sq ft x (I)_____gal] ÷ [(F)_______ ft x (A)_____ ft] = (J)_______ gpa actual spray volume | |
6. Compare your actual
spray volume with your desired spray volume.
|
Actual
spray volume: |
(J)
_____ gpa |
|
Desired
spray volume: |
(E)
_____ gpa |
|
If the difference is within 10 percent, the sprayer is properly
calibrated. If actual spray volume exceeds desired spray volume by more than
10 percent, nozzles may be worn and need replacement. Change disc and core
accordingly for each nozzle and repeat step 5. If actual spray volume is less
than desired spray volume, double check calculations, repeat steps 4, 5, and
6, and replace discs and cores if necessary. |
7. Prepare the
spray mixture.
|
Actual
spray volume (gpa), recorded
above: |
(J)
____ gal/acre |
|
Total
volume of spray mixture desired: |
(K)
____ gal |
|
Pesticide
application rate, quantity
per acre from the label: |
(L)
____ (lb, oz, gal, etc.) per acre |
|
[(K) _____ gal total volume] ÷ [(J) _____
gal/acre] = (M) _____ acres treated x (L) _____ = quantity of pesticide needed
in spray mixture
|
Controlling Vertebrate Pests
|
||
|
Birds |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
|
||
|
Scare
devices |
Before damage occurs |
Place in vineyard: distress calls, exploder guns, cracker
shells, foil, kites, eye spot balloons. |
|
|
||
|
Shooting |
Before grapes ripen |
It’s illegal to shoot migratory
birds without a permit from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. |
|
|
||
|
Netting |
Before grapes ripen |
Place on each side of canopy or drape over canopy; support
above vines on a frame. Remove just before harvest. Labor costs may be high.
Net costs at least $800/acre, not including labor costs for installation and
removal. Net life: 7-15 years. Nearly 100% effective. |
|
|
||
|
Predators |
Before grapes ripen |
Raptors have been used with limited efficacy in some
vineyard sites. They take a long time to establish residence (nesting) in the
vineyard and can be costly. |
|
Deer |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
Repellents
|
||
|
Thiram (TMTO) |
— |
Spray on shoots browsed by deer. Repeat applications
necessary as new shoots grow. |
|
Blood meal, human hair, |
— |
Deer may become habituated to smells. |
|
Fences
|
||
|
Electric (several strands |
— |
Complete effectiveness if constructed properly. Preferred
method for large vineyards. Electric costs $1.80-$2.20/ft; woven costs
$2.50-$2.90/ft |
|
Ground squirrels |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
Trapping
|
||
|
#110 Conibear trap |
— |
Don’t use in areas frequented by pets or children. |
|
Gassing
|
||
|
Rotox AP or AT |
— |
Close burrows in morning, reopen, place toxin, and
reclose. Repeat daily until activity ceases. |
|
Poison
baiting |
||
|
Ramik Green |
— |
— |
|
Zinc phosphide 2% |
— |
— |
|
ORCO Patrol |
— |
— |
|
Voles (meadow mice) |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
Hand
baiting Note:
Place bait in runways and
burrow openings. Bait may poison nontarget animals. |
||
|
Zinc phosphide |
When mice are active |
— |
|
Diphacinone |
When mice are active |
— |
|
Cholecalciferol |
When mice are active |
— |
|
Mechanical
burrow baiting |
||
|
Zinc phosphide (see |
— |
Soil must be moist so that artificial runways,
12-14" deep, remain intact. Build burrows close to trunks on each side
of the row. |
|
Mountain beaver |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
Trapping
|
||
|
#110 Conibear |
Preferably before breeding |
— |
|
Pocket gophers |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
Trapping
|
||
|
Victor or Macabee, |
Autumn or spring |
See footnote 3.
|
|
Poison
baiting Note:
Apply in fresh burrow systems
and check for reinvasion. Poisons are mixed with seeds and impregnated with
wax. Place in main runways. |
||
|
Strychnine (see footnote 1 |
Late winter, early spring |
— |
|
Chlorophacinone |
Late winter, early spring |
— |
|
Diphacinone |
Late winter, early spring |
— |
|
Mechanical
burrow baiting |
||
|
1 oz strychnine (see |
Late winter, early spring |
Use burrow builder for large areas (see |
|
Gassing Note: Not recommended for sandy or dry soils. Two
cartridges or small piles of pellets per tunnel. If you use gas cartridges,
cover breathing holes of burrows. |
||
|
The Giant Destroyer |
|
— |
|
Detia Rotox AP (pellets) |
— |
— |
|
Propane
burner |
||
|
0.5 cup dusting sulfur |
— |
More effective than gassing. Ignite with propane burner.
Avoid inhaling sulfur fumes. Seal all entrances to burrow. Soil should be
damp. |
|
Rabbits |
||
|
Control
method/product |
Time
of application |
Remarks |
|
|
||
|
Fencing |
— |
— |
|
|
||
|
Vine
guards |
— |
— |
|
Repellents
|
||
|
Thiram (TMTO) |
— |
Spray on shoots browsed by rabbits. Repeat applications
necessary as new shoots grow. |
|
|
||
Footnotes
|
Managing Vegetation in Vineyards
Weeds such as deep-rooted perennials compete for soil moisture
and nutrients in newly planted and mature vineyards, while light can become
limiting in newly planted crops. It is suggested that young vineyards have at
minimum a 3-ft-wide weed-free strip within the vine row to prevent
significant weed competition for nutrients and water. Weed shifts: Excessive “weedy”
vegetation in most vineyards is controlled by mowing or flailing row middles
and application of herbicides within the vine row. Repeated use of the same
or similar weed control practice results in a weed shift to species that
tolerate these practices. Examples include prostrate weeds that tolerate
flailing, deep-rooted perennials that tolerate cultivation or survive during
the summer dry season, and weeds that either resist the herbicide or are
selected from a natural population of susceptible biotypes. Preventing weed shifts:
Weeds that survive cultivation, mowing or flailing, specific herbicide
treatments, or other routine cultural practices must be eliminated before the
tolerant species or biotypes become established. Combine a variety of weed
control practices or treatments, rotate practices and herbicides, and spot
treat with a hoe or registered herbicide when the weed first appears. Also,
clean equipment when moving from an infested field. Sod covers: Native or
planted grasses in many vineyards often are managed in alleyways by mowing or
flailing. Sods reduce soil erosion, improve traffic conditions in wet
weather, and increase water infiltration and drainage. New sod varieties are
being introduced into various horticultural cropping systems, including dwarf
cultivars that respond to conditions of minimal management practices such as
drought, low fertility, or sublethal rates of postemergence herbicides.
Consult your local Extension agent for recent information about living
mulches and their management. Managing vineyard vegetation:
Successful vegetation management in vineyards requires a comprehensive or
year-round approach that uses a combination of weed control practices and
alternates them over several years. Developing these strategies requires identifying
each weed and gathering information about the effectiveness of each weed
control practice. Consider costs and select herbicides that may be applied
together or in split applications that control the weeds in the vineyard.
Note the action of each herbicide; that is, how the chemical works in the
plant. Then tank mix and alternate use of these products to reduce the chance
of developing resistant species or biotypes. Often, a combination of
mechanical, herbicidal, and sometimes hand removal or spot treatment with
herbicide sprays or wipers will give the most effective year-round control. Soil-active herbicides:
Persistent, soil-active herbicides can be applied during the winter dormant
season and activated with rain or sprinkler irrigation if dry conditions
persist. Apply lower rates on sandy or gravelly soils, or soils containing
lower clay, organic matter content, or cation exchange capacity. Control
existing vegetation by mixing a postemergence contact or translocated
herbicide. After establishing an effective weed control program, reduce rates
and split applications of some herbicides such as simazine, diuron, or
terbacil (Sinbar) in fall and early spring to improve year-round weed control
and reduce possible injury. Postemergence herbicides: These
are herbicides applied after weeds have germinated and are growing, but they
should be applied when the weed species is most susceptible to damage in
order to be effective. Contact herbicides such as paraquat can be used to
control existing vegetation but lack residual control. Paraquat is a
restricted-use pesticide and requires careful handling and secure storage.
Glyphosate (Roundup) controls many weeds but must be applied at the correct
stage of weed growth to obtain maximum movement into the roots (see label for
details). Avoid applications to green bark, low limbs, or suckers. Addition
of a surfactant is sometimes helpful, especially when weeds are growing
slowly. Warning: Using 2,4-D
or similar materials on horticultural farms involves risk, not only to the
crop to which it is applied but also to crops in nearby fields. Grapevines
are particularly sensitive to phenoxy herbicide damage. Phenoxy herbicides
(ALS inhibitors) are synthetic plant hormones that can severely impact vine
leaf and canopy development, as well as flowering and fruit set if
application/drift occurs at critical times at or before bloom. However, there
may be instances in which guidance in 2,4-D use will enhance weed control
with minimal chance for crop injury. Be careful to clean all 2,4-D from your
equipment, or use separate sprayers to avoid possible crop injury. Never use
a volatile formulation of 2,4-D or similar material. Buy only a product that
lists the intended crop on the label. See Preventing
Phenoxy Herbicide Damage to Grape Vineyards for more information.
The information provided in this guide is not intended to be a
complete guide to herbicide use. Before using any chemical, read the label
recommendations on the container. Before a chemical can be recommended for a
specific use, it must be thoroughly tested. Following the recommendation on
the label can prevent many problems arising from the wrong use of a chemical. Important note on herbicides:
Herbicides must be applied at exactly the correct rate and time to
selectively control weeds with minimal chance for injuring vines. Get more
consistent results by reading the label and other information about the
proper application and timing of each herbicide. Suggested rates listed in
this guide are stated as pounds of active ingredient per acre (lb ai/A) or pounds of acid equivalent per acre (lb ae/A). See the product
label for specific amounts of a particular formulation to apply per treated
acre. For band applications under vine rows, reduce the quantity of herbicide
applied proportionally to the area within the row actually sprayed. Numerous
tank mixes are labeled for vineyard use, or growers can assume responsibility
and mix products unless the label prohibits mixing. Livestock grazing in
vineyards often is prohibited if herbicides have been applied for weed
control.
|
Weed and Vegetation Management
Note: Some Vitis vinifera
cultivars may be sensitive to certain herbicides. |
||
|
|
||
|
General
strategy |
Vegetation management in vineyards of the Pacific
Northwest may require different strategies based on seasonal temperatures and
rainfall. The level of competition between weeds and cultivated vegetation
(cover crops/sod) also varies with region. In general, weed competition should
be minimized within the vine row and in the alleyways. |
|
|
|
||
|
Cultivation |
Tillage controls annual weeds while suppressing
perennials, depending on frequency (every 3 weeks to eventually deplete
perennials). Soil temperatures can be influenced by cultivation; however, in
recent studies, there was no difference in berry ripening when comparing
clean cultivated, alternate tilled alleyways, or a solid sod cover on two
commercial sites in the Willamette Valley. This suggests that cultivation
will not increase soil temperature enough to hasten ripening. Growers often
till every other row and maintain a sod cover or cover crop vegetation in
alternate rows. This allows for traction by workers and machine traffic
through the vineyard during harvest. Adverse effects of cultivation include
soil erosion from sloping sites, soil compaction, and reduced water
infiltration during winter rains (except in very sandy soils). |
|
|
|
||
|
Mowing
or flailing |
Mowing or flailing grass sods or weedy vegetation in
aisles improves the traction for traffic, prevents erosion, and improves soil
conditions. Improved turfgrass varieties and water and fertilizer management
offer long-term advantages in soil management. Caution is advised during
vineyard establishment under nonirrigated conditions where vine growth may be
reduced in the first 3 years due to competition with deep-rooted vegetation.
In young vineyards (less than 3 years old), maintain at least a 3-foot-wide
weed-free strip within the vine row to prevent vine competition with
vegetation in the alleyway. |
|
|
|
||
|
Mulches |
Mulches are beneficial mainly for increasing nutrition
and/or organic matter in vineyard systems rather than providing reliable weed
control. Organic mulches can encourage weed infestations and rodent habitat
(when applied heavily at more than 4 inches deep) in vineyards but conserve
moisture and improve soil organic matter. Most polyethylene films last only 1
to 2 seasons. Woven or spun-bonded fabrics have controlled weeds for 5 to 7 years if applied properly and if the surface remains free of mulch or leaf
debris that encourages weed germination. Consider expenses and adopt
practices to prevent tearing fabric. High-biomass mulches from cover crop
stands grown onsite may also help prevent weeds for awhile. Municipal waste
mulches and other materials originating offsite may have a high content of
weed seed, so beware! If you use grape pomace in the vineyard, it should be
composted before application to prevent the spread of diseases and insects.
|
|
|
|
||
|
Flaming |
Propane burning will sear small broadleaf weeds but only
reduces vegetative growth of grasses and perennial weeds since growing points
remain protected beneath the soil surface. Metal shrouds or covers conserve
fuel by briefly elevating temperatures. This process can be used in the
alleyways, but not in the vine row. |
|
|
|
||
|
Herbicides
(control within vine row) |
Grape roots proliferate in undisturbed, competition-free
strips representing one-third to one-half the planting area of the vineyard,
depending on vine spacing and moisture availability. New plantings require
supplemental water or nearly vegetation-free conditions during the first 3
years of establishment. To obtain a weed-free zone in the vine row,
herbicides can be used. However, other methods such as cultivation and
mulching may be used. Choose combinations of practices that act together to
achieve your desired level of vegetation management and soil moisture
conservation. Below is a list of herbicides that can be used in the vine row
to create an “herbidide strip,” or weed-free zone. A few are listed for use
on suckering vines to remove shoots from the trunk or base of the vine.
Herbicides for preplant use are also listed. |
|
|
The list below contains herbicide products in order of their
application in the vineyard. Not all possible herbicides are listed. Be sure
to check the product label to determine correct application rates for your
situation. |
||
|
|
|
|
Site preparation
|
||
|
|
||
|
glyphosate |
Rate: Consult labels. |
|
|
|
||
|
diquat nonbearing crop only |
Rate: 24 to 32 fl oz product/A |
|
|
|
||
New plantings
|
||
|
|
||
|
napropamide |
Rate: 4 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
oryzalin |
Rate: 2 to 4.7 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
pendimethalin |
Rate: 2 to 4 lb ai/A Remarks: Spray directly on the ground beneath vines. Overhead
watering is required within 7 days for herbicide activation. Affects weeds as
they germinate; will not control established weeds. Inhibits mitosis in roots
and shoots. |
|
|
|
||
|
trifluralin |
Rate: 0.5 to 1 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
isoxaben |
Rate: 0.495 to 0.998 lb ai/A (0.66 to 1.33 lb
product/A) |
|
|
|
||
|
isoxaben + trifluralin |
Rate: 100 to 200 lb product/A |
|
|
|
|
|
|
bentazon |
Rate: 0.75 to 1 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
fluazifop |
Rate: Refer to specific grassy weeds on label for
rate/A. |
|
|
|
||
|
sethoxydim |
Rate: 0.28 to 0.47 lb ai/A (1.5 to 2.5 pt
product/A) |
|
|
|
||
|
clethodim |
Rate: 12 to 32 fl oz/A |
|
|
|
||
|
oxyfluorfen |
Rate: 0.5 to 2 lb ai/A (1 to 4 qt product/A) |
|
|
|
||
|
glyphosate |
Rate: Consult label. |
|
|
|
||
|
Glufosinate |
Rate: 0.75 to 1.25 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
Established plantings—Winter
applications that persist in the soil
|
||
|
|
||
|
Diuron |
Rate: 1.6 to 3.2 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
simazine |
Rate: 1 to 2 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
norflurazon |
Rate: 2 to 4 lb ai/A Remarks:
Inhibits yellow pigment
formation, causing bleaching of green chlorophyll. |
|
|
|
||
|
dichlobenil |
Rate: 4 to 6 lb ai/A (100 to 150 lb granular
product/A) |
|
|
|
||
|
napropamide |
Rate: 4 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
oryzalin |
Rate: 2 to 6 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
pronamide |
Rate: 1 to 4 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
trifluralin |
Rate: 0.5 to 2 lb ai/A, depending on soil type
(consult label) |
|
|
|
||
Established plantings—Directed
applications in grape row
|
||
|
|
||
|
glyphosate |
Rate: Spray: Consult labels. |
|
|
|
||
|
glyphosate |
Rate: Wiper: 33% solution |
|
|
|
||
|
glufosinate ammonium |
Rate: 0.75 to 1.25 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
|
2,4-D amine |
Rate: Consult label. |
|
|
|
||
|
paraquat |
Rate: Consult labels. |
|
|
|
||
|
oxyfluorfen |
Rate: 0.5 to 2 lb ai/A (1 to 4 qt product/A) |
|
|
|
||
|
flumioxazin |
Rate: Refer to organic matter, soil types, and
rates listed on label for various broadleaf weeds. |
|
|
|
||
|
sethoxydim |
Rate: 0.28 to 0.47 lb ai/A (1.5 to 2.5 pt
product/A) |
|
|
|
||
Sucker control
|
||
|
|
||
|
Oxyfluorfen |
Rate: 0.25 to 0.5 lb ai/A |
|
|
|
||
Resources for Organic and Sustainable |
|
|
Note:
If you would like to be added
to this reference list in the future, please contact skinkisp@hort.oregonstate.edu |
|
|
|
|
Federal |
|
|
|
|
|
National Organic Program (NOP) Online standards
|
|
|
|
|
State |
|
|
|
|
|
Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) E-mail:
kcoba@oda.state.or.us
|
|
|
|
|
Private nonprofit organizations |
|
|
|
|
|
E-mail:
info@foodalliance.org
|
|
|
Organic Material Review Institute (OMRI) To view the organic materials list online, go to OMRI Products List. The
list can be purchased or viewed online. Direct access to the online
searchable database is also available.
|
|
|
E-mail:
organic@tilth.org
|
|
|
|
|
Organic, Sustainable, and Integrated Production Resources
|
|
|
Private nonprofit organizations
|
|
|
|
Low Input Viticulture & Enology (LIVE) E-mail:
Info@liveinc.org
Phone:
503-584-7274
Mailing
address
Purpose:
A sustainable agriculture program providing vineyards and
wineries with official certification for agricultural practices that are
modeled after international standards of integrated production. The intent is
to increase vineyard and winery sustainability and best management practices
while maintaining fruit and wine quality. A component of this program is also
education regarding sustainable production practices.
Evaluation
criteria: It is the intent of the LIVE organization to certify vineyards
and wineries that have complied with the requirements of the integrated
production program based on best management practices with respect to
vineyard efficiency and environmental standards. The success of the program
relies on strict adherence to the philosophy and rules of the
program. Semiannual site inspections, review of required farm documents,
and periodic sampling are the basis for assuring the public that members
certified by LIVE have complied with all aspects of the program. Evaluation
criteria are based on LIVE Technical
Guidelines.
|
|
|
International
|
|
|
|
E-mail:
Check website for officer contact information.
Mailing
address: Check website for officer contact information.
Purpose:
IOBC/WPRS promotes the use of sustainable, environmentally safe,
economically feasible, and socially acceptable control methods of pests and
diseases of agricultural and forestry crops. IOBC/WPRS encourages
collaboration in the development and promotion of biological and integrated production
systems.
Evaluation
criteria: All farms certified by an IOBC-endorsed organization must be
supervised and their achievements monitored, evaluated, and documented
according to international rules. Evaluation is based on farm inspection and
submitted farm records. Evaluation of farm records is based on completeness
and plausibility of records taken, nutrient balance (N and P), all
agrichemical inputs, and all disqualification criteria. All farm records are
evaluated regardless of the field inspection. Technical Bulletins detailing
guidelines can be ordered. |
|
|
Other Certifying Organizations
|
|
|
Water quality/salmon habitat
|
|
|
|
E-mail: info@salmonsafe.org
Mailing
address
Purpose:
Works with leading farmers throughout the Northwest to help
restore salmon habitat on farmland by planting trees, growing cover crops,
improving irrigation systems, and applying natural methods to control weeds
and pests.
Evaluation
criteria: The certification process can be downloaded online from the
website. Salmon-Safe works in collaboration with the certifiers of LIVE and Oregon
Tilth, providing additional certification to those who are certified under
these organizations. |
|
|
Biodynamic
|
|
|
|
E-mail: Demeter@Baldcom.net
Mailing
address
Purpose:
The mission of the Demeter Association is to foster, encourage,
and improve biodynamic methods and practices by certifying growers,
processors, and manufacturers of biodynamic foodstuffs, and by carrying out
other activities and education programs as may be appropriate. Demeter
operates exclusively for agricultural and horticultural purposes. Demeter
certifies farms as either biodynamic or in conversion to biodynamic.
Evaluation
criteria: Demeter certification is in accord with many practices that
characterize the certification of organic farms. However, certain practices
are unique to biodynamic agriculture. Technical guidelines and standards can
be ordered.
|
Basic Elements of Safe
Pesticide Use
Oregon
Poison Center If a
person has collapsed or has stopped breathing, dial 911. Prepared by Patricia
A. Skinkis, Extension viticulture specialist, Jay W. Pscheidt, Extension plant pathology specialist;
Vaughn Walton, horticultural entomologist; and Nancy Allen, wildlife
instructor; all of Oregon State University. © 2009 Oregon State
University. This publication may be photocopied in its entirety for
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