 |
| OSU HOME | EXTENSION HOME | ONLINE CATALOG | ORDERING INFORMATION |
| Extension Service |
‘Santiam’ Hazelnut (OSU 509.064)EM 8890-E Do you want to print a copy? We recommend downloading the print version (1460 KB). First download the free Adobe Reader, if you don't already have it. Contents
‘Santiam’ (OSU 509.064) was developed and evaluated at Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, and it was released in February 2005. This cultivar has complete resistance to eastern filbert blight (EFB) caused by Anisogramma anomala (Peck) E. Müller. Resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene from ‘Gasaway.’ Compared to ‘Barcelona,’ ‘Santiam’ is a smaller tree and has higher yield efficiency, higher percent kernel, and smaller nuts. Nuts mature and fall free of the husk about 2 weeks before ‘Barcelona.’ Tree growth habit. Trees have a slightly rounded, yet upright growth habit with multiple scaffolds and strong branch angles (Figure 1). Trees are about 25 percent smaller than ‘Barcelona,’ and slightly smaller than ‘Lewis,’ as measured by trunk cross-sectional area (Figure 3). Yield and yield efficiency. Although 8-year-old trees of ‘Santiam’ are smaller than ‘Barcelona,’ nut yields are similar (Figure 4). While not precocious, yield increased incrementally with tree size, and trees have not shown a biennial bearing tendency. Yield efficiency, which adjusts for differences in tree size, is higher for ‘Santiam’ than for ‘Barcelona’ (Figure 5). In 2 out of 4 years, the marketable kernel yield has exceeded ‘Barcelona’ (Figure 6). Harvest time. Nuts fall free of the husk at maturity and have consistently been harvested 2 weeks before ‘Barcelona.’ In most years, harvest of ‘Santiam’ will be completed before the beginning of ‘Barcelona’ harvest. Nut and kernel quality. Nuts of ‘Santiam’ are suited for the kernel market but are too small for the in-shell market (Figure 2). Nuts are smaller than ‘Barcelona’ but have fewer poorly filled and shriveled kernels, and twins are rare. Kernels are similar in size to ‘Clark,’ slightly smaller than ‘Lewis.’ Kernel texture, flavor, and appearance are acceptable for many end uses, as are those of ‘Barcelona,’ but are insufficient to command a premium price. Kernels blanch similar to ‘Barcelona’ and ‘Lewis.’ The incidence of moldy kernels has been less than 5 percent in 6 out of 7 years of study. In the seventh year, the incidence of moldy kernels was 10 to 25 percent. (In 2004, there were several rains in early September while nuts were still on the ground, and the incidence of moldy kernels was 10 to 25 percent. Incidence of mold to this extent is not expected to be a problem when nuts are harvested in a timely manner). Propagation. Layers are smaller in caliper than ‘Barcelona’ but root easily and abundantly, and they are easy to handle in the nursery. ‘Santiam’ has also been established in vitro for micropropagation on a commercial scale. Pest and disease tolerance. One of the major strengths of this cultivar is that it carries EFB resistance from ‘Gasaway.’ It has been inoculated under greenhouse conditions and remained free of the disease. This level of resistance is higher than the quantitative resistance found in ‘Lewis’ and ‘Clark.’ Pruning and fungicide applications to control the disease should not be necessary in orchards planted with ‘Santiam.’ It has moderate resistance to big bud mite, similar to that of ‘Lewis,’ but not quite as good as ‘Barcelona.’
Figure 1.—Tree growth habit after 8 years.
Figure 2.—Nuts, raw kernels, and blanched kernels of ‘Santiam.’ Flowering characteristics. Female bloom occurs approximately 3 weeks later than ‘Barcelona.’ ‘Santiam’ has a shorter pollen shed period than either ‘Barcelona’ or ‘Daviana’ and sheds pollen early midseason with ‘Daviana.’ Pollinizer selection. Female flowers of ‘Santiam’ express alleles S3 and S15. The planting of three pollinizers is recommended. The pollinizers should be cultivars that shed pollen at different times during the period when female flowers are receptive. The pollinizers ‘Epsilon’ (S1S4) and ‘Zeta’ (S1S1) express S1 in their pollen and shed pollen late enough to overlap female bloom of ‘Santiam.’ Pollen of ‘Barcelona’ (S1S2) and ‘Gamma’ (S2S10) is also compatible with ‘Santiam’; however, pollen shed likely is too early for good pollination, and ‘Barcelona’ trees are susceptible to EFB. Additional suitable pollinizers will be identified soon. Cultivars whose pollen expresses either S3 or S15 are not compatible with ‘Santiam’ (e.g., ‘Willamette’ [S1S3], ‘Lewis’ [S3S8],‘Clark’ [S3S8], ‘Hall’s Giant’ [S5S15], ‘Delta’ [S1S15], and most VR selections). ‘Santiam,’ tested as OSU 509.064, resulted from a cross of OSU 249.159 x VR 17-15 made in 1989 by Dr. Shawn Mehlenbacher and David Smith at the OSU research farm in Corvallis, Oregon. Initial screening began in 1990, and in 1998 ‘Santiam’ was included in two advanced selection trials that included ‘Barcelona’ and ‘Lewis’ as industry standards. Data presented in this report were obtained from the two trials located in Corvallis.
‘Santiam’(OSU 509.064)Flower characteristicsIncompatibility alleles: S3S15 - both alleles are expressed in female flowers, but only S3 is expressed in the pollen Time of pollen shed Early midseason (about the same time as 'Daviana' and 'Barcelona') Catkin density Produces large amount of pollen, has potential as pollinizer Duration of pollen shed Short-intermediate Pollinizer recommendations 'Epsilon' (S1S4) - late pollen shed 'Zeta' (S1S1) - very late pollen shed Estimated time of harvest 10 to 15 days earlier than 'Barcelona'; more than 90 percent of nuts on ground by the end of September Nut and kernel quality (2001-2004)a
aBased on 100-nut samples
from the 1998 advanced selection trial. Prepared by Rebecca McCluskey, senior research assistant in horticulture; Shawn Mehlenbacher, professor of horticulture; David Smith, senior research assistant in horticulture; and Anita Nina Azarenko, professor of horticulture; all of Oregon State University Published July 2005 |
|
Produced and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914. Extension work is a cooperative program of Oregon State University, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and Oregon counties. Oregon State University Extension Service offers educational programs, activities, and materials without discrimination based on age, color, disability, gender identity or expression, marital status, national origin, race, religion, sex, sexual orientation, or veteran's status. Oregon State University Extension Service is an Equal Opportunity Employer. Copyright © 1995- Oregon State University. Disclaimer. |