Raspberry Cultivars for the Pacific Northwest

Este contenido ha sido traducido automáticamente. El servicio de Extensión de Oregon State University (OSU) no garantiza la exactitud del texto traducido. Consulte la versión original en inglés para confirmar la información.

Chad Finn, Bernadine Strik and Patrick P. Moore
PNW 655 | Published February 2014, Reviewed 2018 |

There are two main types of raspberries: red and black. Yellow-fruited raspberries result from a mutation of red raspberries that prevents the formation of red color; they are grown exactly the same as red raspberries. Purple raspberries, a third type, are a hybrid between black and red raspberries.

This publication briefly describes each type of raspberry. Tables 1-4 list cultivars in approximate order of ripening within each type.

Hybrids between blackberry and red raspberry include ‘Logan’, ‘Boysen’, and ‘Tayberry’. These fruits are blackberries and are included in the OSU Extension publication Blackberry Cultivars for Oregon (EC 1617). In blackberries, the core is part of the fruit; in raspberries, the core remains attached to the plant when the fruit is picked.

Raspberry canes

Although raspberry plants live many years, their canes are biennial, meaning they live 2 years.

Primocanes: First year of growth. Only fall-bearing raspberries produce a significant amount of fruit on primocanes in the late summer and fall.

Floricanes: Second year of growth. Both summer- bearing and fall-bearing raspberries produce fruit on floricanes. Fruit is borne on branches called fruiting laterals. After fruiting, floricanes die.

Red raspberries

Red raspberries (Rubus idaeus) are native to northern North America and Eurasia. Cultivated red raspberries were introduced into the United States as long ago as 1771.

Red raspberries produce new canes from buds on roots and from the crown. In the first year, canes are called primocanes. In the second year, they are called floricanes. Canes are pruned out after their second year. Both primocanes and floricanes are present during the growing season.

There are two types of red raspberries. In floricane-fruiting (summer-bearing) cultivars, the second-year floricanes bear a crop in early summer and the first-year primocanes are vegetative only. Primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing) cultivars produce a significant amount of fruit at the top of the primocanes in the fall. The easiest way to manage primocane-fruiting raspberries is to cut the primocanes to the ground each winter after fruiting. If you keep them for the second year, however, they will produce a crop on the floricanes the next summer. Because primocane-fruiting types can be double cropped, they sometimes are called everbearing raspberries. Red raspberry cultivars are listed in Tables 1 and 2.

Black raspberries

Black raspberries (Rubus occidentalis), sometimes called blackcaps, are native from the Northeast to the Great Plains. The native western black raspberry is R. leucodermis.

Black raspberries produce canes only from the crown, not from the roots. Tip primocanes in summer to encourage branching. These canes produce fruit the following year.

In the early 1900s, there were dozens of black raspberry cultivars, and new cultivars were released until about the 1960s. Until recently, there has been little breeding work on black raspberries, and only a handful of cultivars are now commonly available. In the Northwest, nearly the entire commercial crop is ‘Munger’, a cultivar released in 1890. Black raspberry cultivars are listed in Table 3.

Purple raspberries

Purple raspberries are a hybrid between black and red raspberries. They tend to be vigorous, crown-forming plants with large, soft fruit. Purple raspberries are generally considered to have only fair quality for fresh use, but they are excellent for processing. Purple raspberry cultivars are listed in Table 4.

Cultivar table notes

Tables 1–4 list floricane-fruiting and primocane-fruiting raspberries, black raspberries, and purple raspberries. The descriptions are intended to serve only as a guide in choosing a cultivar that’s appropriate for your needs. Performance often varies with location.

Not all of the listed cultivars are available in nurseries; however, these are included in the tables because plants are long lived, and established plantings of older cultivars still exist.

Disease issues

Most raspberry cultivars are sensitive to Phytophthora root rot; this disease is a much greater problem in Oregon and southern Washington than in northern Washington and British Columbia. Grow raspberries on very welldrained soils and on raised beds or ridges (about 12 to 18 inches high) to promote drainage.

Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) is a pollen-borne virus (carried by bees); the primary symptom is crumbly fruit. Usually a raspberry plant infected with RBDV looks normal and is neither bushy nor dwarf. There are no control measures for this virus other than to replant with virus-free stock and choose resistant cultivars. In Tables 1 and 2, assume cultivars are susceptible to RBDV unless otherwise noted.

Fruit descriptions and yield

Descriptions of yield and berry size are primarily based on results of trials by the USDAARS/OSU cooperative breeding program at the OSU North Willamette Research and Extension Center in Aurora, Oregon, and the Washington State University breeding program in Puyallup, Washington. If a cultivar has not been tested at these sites, yield and berry descriptions are based on grower experience. Yield ratings are based on comparison to other cultivars of the same type. Red raspberries are generally more productive than black raspberries.

Use

Most berries sold in the fresh market are hand harvested, firm, and bright red. They have a shelf life of several days if properly handled and refrigerated. Berries grown for processing are machine harvested and have intense red color and flavor.

Machine harvest

Cultivars adapted to machine harvest have good plant architecture, easy fruit release from the receptacle when the berry is ripe, and fruit that is firm enough for individually quick frozen (IQF) markets. Machine-harvested fruit will not store for more than a few hours after harvest.

Commercial production

A commercial value score is provided to help commercial growers select appropriate cultivars for fresh and processed markets:

  1. Appropriate for most commercial operations
  2. May have commercial value but:
    1. not enough is known about its performance or
    2. may meet a specific requirement
    (e.g., unique color or very early harvest) but has a negative trait (e.g., low yield or poor shipping quality)
  3. Unlikely to have good commercial value

Small farm, U-pick, and home gardens

Cultivars that are well suited to small farms, local sales, U-pick farms, and home gardens are noted as such. However, we advise home gardeners not to grow cultivars that are susceptible to root rot west of the Cascades, except where there is very good drainage.

Cold hardiness

Cold hardiness is indicated if information is available. Grow only cold-hardy cultivars east of the Cascades. Primocane-fruiting raspberries can be grown in most cold regions if only a primocane, and not the floricane, crop is produced. Many cultivars from eastern U.S. nurseries might be well adapted to eastern Oregon, eastern Washington, and Idaho.

Table 1. Floricane-fruiting (summer-bearing) cultivars: Red-fruited unless otherwise noted

Floricane-fruiting raspberries can be grown for fresh or processed markets. Cultivars are listed in approximate order of ripening. The harvest season of Meeker starts about June 20 in Oregon’s Willamette Valley and about July 4 in Puyallup and Lynden, Washington. Cultivars are susceptible to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) unless otherwise noted.

Cultivar Disease issues Plant Fruit Yield Use Machine Harvest Large-scale commercial value Small farm or home garden Cold hardy
Prelude (U.S. Plant Patent 11,747) Resistant to root rot Moderate vigor Small size, soft, dull, medium red, good flavor, very early floricane crop, also produces small primocane crop Low to medium Fresh 3 yes yes
Cascade Dawn (U.S. Plant Patent 17,985) Some tolerance to root rot, immune to RBDV Vigorous Medium to large size, medium firmness, attractive, bright dark red, very good flavor, difficult fruit release unless fully ripe Medium Fresh 2 (nursery plants may not be available) yes
Malahat Very susceptible to root rot Vigorous Medium to large size, medium firmness, attractive, bright red, very good flavor Low to medium Fresh 2 (high quality, low yield)
Willamette Susceptible to root rot, immune to RBDV Vigorous Medium size, soft, dark red, very good flavor Medium Processed yes 1 yes
Rudi Moderately susceptible to root rot Medium vigor Medium to large size, medium to dark red, good flavor High Fresh and processed yes 2 (too new to fully evaluate but expected to be fine) yes
Chilcotin Susceptible to root rot, immune to RBDV Vigorous Medium size, medium firmness, attractive, bright light red, good flavor Medium Fresh 2 yes
Boyne Tolerant to root rot, immune to RBDV Vigorous Medium size, soft, dark red, good flavor Medium Fresh 3 yes yes
Canby Susceptible to root rot Very vigorous Medium size, medium firmness, attractive, bright red, very good flavor Low to medium Fresh 3 yes yes
Latham Resistant to root rot, immune to RBDV Moderate vigor Small size, crumbly, medium red, only fair flavor Medium Fresh 3 yes
Killarney Moderate resistance to root rot, immune to RBDV Moderate vigor Medium size, soft, medium to dark red, sweet, excellent flavor Medium Fresh 3 yes yes
Cascade Gold Very susceptible to root rot, immune to RBDV Vigorous Large size, yellow fruit, excellent flavor, retains good flavor even when picked at firm stage Medium to high Fresh 2 (limited market for yellow types) yes
Cascade Bounty (U.S. Plant Patent 18,246) Excellent resistance to root rot Vigorous Medium size, medium firmness, can be a bit lumpy, bright red, fair flavor High Processed yes 2 yes yes
Chemainus Somewhat sensitive to root rot Vigorous Medium size, firm, bright red, very good flavor Medium Fresh or processed yes 1 yes
Saanich Susceptible to root rot Vigorous Medium size, good firmness, dull red, good flavor Medium Processed yes 2
Meeker Somewhat sensitive to root rot Vigorous Medium size, medium firmness, medium red, good flavor High Processed yes 1 yes
Tulameen Very susceptible to root rot Vigorous Large to very large size, firm, very attractive, bright red, excellent flavor Medium Fresh 2 (high susceptibility to root rot limits commercial potential in this region) yes
Cascade Delight (U.S. Plant Patent 14,522) Tolerant to root rot Very vigorous Very large size, very firm, attractive, bright red, excellent flavor Medium to high Fresh 1 (hand pick fresh only) yes
Wakefield (U.S. Plant Patent 21,185) Relatively new but appears to develop RBDV slowly, if at all Vigorous, primocanes not very selfsupporting Small to medium size, very firm, a bit dull in color, good flavor High Processed yes 1 (available only to licensed growers; sold only as tissuecultured plants)
Lewis Somewhat tolerant to root rot Vigorous Large size, firm, bright red, very good flavor Medium to high Fresh or processed Unknown at this time 2 (difficult to obtain) yes

Table 2. Primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing) cultivars; Red- and yellow-fruited

Primocane-fruiting raspberries are grown primarily for the fresh market and harvested by hand. Cultivars are listed in approximate order of ripening. The fruiting season for the primocane crop of Heritage starts around August 20 in the Oregon’s Willamette Valley; Autumn Bliss is about 2 weeks earlier. Yield and cold hardiness evaluations are based on the primocane crop only. Cultivars are susceptible to Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) unless otherwise noted.

Cultivar Disease issues Plant Fruit Yield Large-scale commercial value Small farm or home garden Cold hardy
Autumn Bliss (U.S. Plant Patent 6,597) Good resistance to root rot Moderate vigor Large size, moderate firmness, attractive, medium red, mild flavor Medium 2 (early season) yes yes
Autumn Britten Moderate to good vigor Large size, moderate firmness, attractive, bright red, mild flavor Low to medium 2 (early season) yes yes
Amity Moderate vigor Small size, medium firmness, attractive, bright red, very good flavor Medium 3 yes yes
Vintage Some sensitivity to root rot Moderate vigor Large size, firm, attractive, bright red, outstanding flavor Medium to high 2 (too new to fully evaluate but expected to be fine) yes yes
Anne Susceptible to root rot Vigorous Large size, soft to medium firmness, attractive, bright yellow, excellent flavor Medium to high 1 (market for yellow types may be limited) yes yes
Caroline Susceptible to root rot Vigorous Large size, moderate firmness, attractive, medium red, good flavor High 3 yes yes
Fallgold Moderate vigor Medium size, very soft, gold color, excellent flavor Medium 2 yes yes
Joan J Susceptible to root rot Vigorous Small to medium size, firm, very dark red, mild flavor Medium 2 yes yes
Jaclyn Resistant to root rot Very vigorous, susceptible to leaf rust Small size, very long narrow berry, dark red, hard to pick Low to medium 3 yes
Himbo Top Some resistance to root rot Vigorous Small size, early ripening, dark red, mild flavor Medium 3 yes
Polka Low susceptibility to root rot Vigorous Medium to large size, firm, attractive, dark red, mild but good flavor Medium to high 1 yes yes
Polana Vigorous Small to medium size, dark red Medium 3 yes
Heritage Immune to RBDV Vigorous Medium size, firm, attractive, bright red, bland, ripens late so has short fruiting season in cold climates Low to high (low yield in cold climates with short season) 1 yes yes
Kiwigold Immune to RBDV Vigorous These are sports of Heritage and differ only in fruit color. Kiwigold is yellow or apricot yellow. Goldie typically is a deep apricot color. Low to high (low yield in cold climates with short season) 1 yes yes
Crimson Glant Moderate vigor Large size, dull light red color, uneven shape, bland flavor Moderate 2 yes yes
Crimson Night Vigorous Medium size, very dark (“black”) fruit, mild flavor Low to moderate 3 (novelty) yes yes
Josephine Good resistance to root rot Vigorous Large size, moderate firmness, attractive, bright red, good flavor, ripens late so has short fruiting season in cold climates Low to high (low yield in cold climates with short season) 1 yes yes
Nantahala Vigorous Small size, dark red fruit, works well in tunnels in southern Oregon Very low (unless grown in tunnels) 2 yes

Table 3. Black raspberry cultivars

Most black raspberry cultivars are very similar in growth and fruit characteristics. All except the late-fruiting MacBlack and the primocane fruiting Niwot ripen nearly simultaneously from late June to early July in the area around Portland, Oregon. Most are quite susceptible to Phytophthora root rot and Verticillium wilt.

Cultivar Plant Fruit Yield Use Machine harvest Large-scale commercial value Small farm or home garden Cold hardy
Jewel Vigorous Medium to large size, good firmness, black, excellent flavor Low to medium Fresh 1 yes yes
Munger Vigorous Medium size, fair firmness, black, very good flavor Medium Processed yes 1 yes
MacBlack Vigorous Medium to large seize, good firmness, black, good flavor, ripens 10 to 14 days later than most other cultivars Low to medium Fresh 2 (unique for late season) yes
Niwot Primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing). Tip to encourage branching and flowering. Small to medium size, ripens in September Low Fresh 2 (unique for very late season) yes yes

Table 4. Purple raspberry cultivars

Purple raspberries generally start fruiting a bit later than floricane-fruiting red raspberries

Culitvar Plant Fruit Yield Use Large-scale commercial value Small farm or home garden Cold hardy
Brandywine Vigorous Large to very large size, soft, purple, excellent flavor High to very high Local fresh market or processed 3 yes yes
Royalty Vigorous Large to very large size, soft, purple, excellent flavor High Local fresh market or processed 3 yes yes

What if you find a cultivar that's not on these lists?

Find out as much about it as you can:

  • Is it floricane-fruiting (summer-bearing) or primocane-fruiting (fall-bearing)?
  • Does the nursery's description indicate that it's susceptible to any diseases, such as root rot or viruses?
  • What's the fruit like?
  • Is is suitable for machine harvesting? (important for commercial growers)

Remember: If you purchase a cultivar that is not on these lists, it probably hasn't been extensively tested in this region. It's best to try a few plants first and see how well they grow and how you like the fruit.

For more information

Trade-name products and services are mentioned as illustrations only. This does not mean that the Oregon State University Extension Service either endorses these products and services or intends to discriminate against products and services not mentioned.

About the authors

Chad Finn
Patrick P. Moore

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