4-H Investigators

Hi everyone, my name is Tanya, I work for the 4-H program at Oregon State University, and in this video, we'll be going over the first activity in the 4-H Youth Investigators Kit on circuitry Electricity. We will be starting on this page here, but before we start talking about the different types of circuits, I want to first talk a little bit about electricity. So, electricity is the flow of electrons, and electrons need some sort of energy to be pushed through. We're going to be using a battery here to help push our electrons through, that's causing or creating electricity. And we have LEDs here as well because they're a great indicator to show whether electricity is flowing or not.

Static Electricity, there's also another form electricity can hold called static electricity, and many of you have probably experienced this before when you touch a doorknob or you go to shake someone's hand and you get shocked. So what happens there is that there's a buildup of a negative charge, and that could be from walking in socks on carpet, and that friction causes electrons to jump off of the carpet and onto you. And so what that might look like is here's my really rough draft drawing of an atom, and in here, you will see protons and neutrons, and in the outside, these rings are electrons. And electrons are negatively charged. And so what might happen is when your socks are walking across the carpet, there's some friction there, and some of these electrons transfer over and you are holding extra electrons, and when you touch that doorknob, those extra electrons from your hand will then bounce off to the doorknob, which might be more neutrally charged or maybe even positively charged, and that's when you get that shock, and you'll see that sometimes you might even see the electricity transfer over in like a small little bolt.

Circuits, but with this, we're actually going to be talking about electricity that has a consistent flow. We'll start off with this very first one, so this first one is called a series circuit. What happens in a series circuit is that electrons will flow from the positive to negative end, and what you see here is that electrons come and I've labeled these just to make things easier, and as we move forward, you'll see the different types of circuits also have these as well, but what will happen is that the electrons will start flowing in this direction to one, two, three, and four, and with this, they pass through the first LED, second LED, in back. And something to note is that the electricity can only pass through if it's called if there's something called a closed circuit, meaning there's a full loop, a full connection. So let's say this LED burns out right once this LED burns out, there's really no place for the electrons to continue on to. It can't bypass the LED in any sort of way. So that's one thing that you'll hear is a closed or open circuit. If something's in open circuit, it might mean that there's no connection, but there could be a way to make a connection like a light switch.

And for a series connection, the components connect in a line, meaning that there's only one path of electricity to flow throughout the circuit. Whereas we can look over here on our next circuit, this one is called a parallel circuit, and we'll follow first the flow of the different paths that the electrons can take. So we have our first path here, if we follow these blue arrows, it'll show us it goes to one, two, seven, and eight, and then there's also another path from one, three, six, eight, and one, four, five, eight. One neat thing about a parallel circuit is that if one of the LEDs burns out, the electrons that electricity still has the availability to flow through the other paths in the circuit. So let's say this LED burns out, well, it will still power these LEDs because they're not necessarily connected in the way that electricity flows through them, whereas in the series circuit, if we saw that first LED burned out, then the whole circuit would be incomplete and none of the LEDs would work. And sometimes you might be able to see this on like a computer screen that might have like a pixel or two that's burnt out or some decorative lights. Sometimes you'll see some decorative lights where they have a whole section burnt out, and that's something that you can maybe deduce that it's from a series circuit rather than a parallel circuit.

And we're on our final circuit, which is called the series-parallel circuit. So if you look back at all three circuits, you'll see a resemblance of both of these in the series-parallel circuit, right? If we follow the flow of the electricity, it comes from the positive end, goes to one, two, five, and six, and then one, three, four, and six. What we see here is that each loop that the electricity can flow through has to go through LED1, and that makes it almost like a series circuit in whichever way you look at it. But it also has the parallel component to it. So if we go back to our 4-H investigators page here, you'll see that there is a link here to take you to the University of Colorado's website. That way, if you visit that site, you can actually make your own circuits. You can try these circuits out. You can add more LEDs, take away LEDs, you can add different types of conductive materials or see if it's conductive material. You don't always have to use wire for electricity to flow through. Electricity flows through many things, and there are other things that electricity doesn't necessarily flow through. When something flows through, electricity can flow through it's called a conductor, and something where it doesn't flow through the greatest, where it loses a lot of its electricity, is called an insulator. So I would highly recommend checking out that website and trying it out. We'll discuss a little bit more about it in our monthly meeting for those who would like. Creating your own circuits to continue on with circuitry and creating your own circuits, please follow the website that I had linked to the University of Colorado. And then you will see the screen, and once you see this, press the play button, and this will take about a few seconds to load, and you can press intro, and it will take you to basically this little lab workshop that has all of these wires, batteries, resistor switches, and you can flip through the different pages and see what there is. But with this, you can actually create your own circuits and see if they work. So I would recommend trying out any of the circuits we just recently talked about. Add more light bulbs, add more batteries, or change the voltage on the batteries. I'll show you really quickly how you can do this. So you click on the battery and you drag it over, and here you have the battery, and then you can bring over wires, and as you can see, these two will almost like click together, and then if you want to make your wire face a different direction or be longer to reach a component, then you can do that as well. There's also ways that you can flip the battery. You can take this light bulb and bring it over and just continue connecting things to switch the voltage on the battery, then just

click the battery and then down here you will see voltage and you can use the sliding scale to add or subtract volts and see what that does. But with this, I have some challenge questions. So how many LEDs can you put on a series circuit before it stops working? And then why do you think that is? Why do you think it stops working? And what happens if you change the voltage of the battery? Will that make it work again? Will that not affect it in any way? And depending on how many volts you add or take away, your answer will change. And then besides wires, like what else are conductive? As you saw when I flipped through these screens here, there were different items like paperclip, coin, and various different components you can use in place of wires. My next question is, can you make a light switch by adding only one more component to your circuit? These are different questions I will ask during our meeting, so feel free to explore these, write down any thoughts or comments that you have, anything that you notice.

For our second activity we'll be making

a decorative led

and for this you will need your led

coin battery tape

paper this could be cardstock foam

um fell anything similar and you that

you can maybe even

color or paint you'll need some scissors

and a pencil or pen

your first step will be to decide what

you want to create and where you want

your led to be

so for example let's say you want to

create a snowman

then you would draw the outline of

snowman and you would measure out where

you would want the led to be so you can

have it on

the snowman's nose or if you have

multiple leds you might be able to make

buttons that light up let's say you want

to make a lighthouse

then just make sure that there's enough

room for the led

for your lighthouse there there's really

like a endless

amount of possibilities to make and

create

so take a little bit of time to figure

out what you want and draw it out on

your

paper or cardstock whatever you're using

so for my led i decided to make two

flower shapes and place them on top of

each other and the next step you'll want

to do

is you want to take your pen or pencil

and poke two little holes

where your led will be and the best way

to do that is just

line up your led to where you want it to

be

make those markings and then poke the

holes

so as you can see i've done that here

the next thing you'll want to do is

locate

the two wires that come out of the led

here

and you'll want to find which one is the

longest one

the longest one will tell you

that it's the positive side and

the positive side is actually called the

anode and then the

negative side is called the cathode but

what you'll want to do is locate

the longer side which is the positive

sign and then take your coin

battery and line up the positive with

the positive

and the negative with the negative and

as you can see here

they light up and your final step is to

add some tape

to the back to hold on both sides

and you'll do that by just grabbing a

little bit of tape

you don't really need a whole lot

and one thing to know is if for some

reason your

led doesn't work this way just try to

flip the battery and see if that works

it could be that

um like you can see my wires are a

little bit bent here

it could be that one side just looks

longer than the other but that's one

trick to do is to just flip it so you'll

want to tape

both sides

and it will stay lit up and then

if you want to decide that you

[Music]

save this for later or you just want to

turn it off what you can do

is unpeel one side and then move the

wire away

or you can take a bigger piece of tape

and make sure that you cover up

the entire spot of the coin battery that

way

um it doesn't make contact

Welcome back in this activity

i will show you how to make a bristlebot

so to make a bristlebot

what you'll need is a toothbrush head

a motor

coin battery pipe cleaner

and some tape

so the first step is to take your motor

and your brush head and you'll want to

attach

your motor to the end of your brush head

this specific motor has

a piece of paper right here that you can

peel off and it has a sticky side

if your motor doesn't have a sticky peel

off

backing then you can just take some tape

and tape it onto your motor

and what that looks like is um like this

so you'll have

you'll have your motor here and then

your your toothbrush head

and your next step will be

to take some tape and fold it on itself

so what that

is like if you haven't done that before

is you take a little piece of tape here

and so this is a sticky side and you'll

want to make sure that the sticky side

is out

you'll just roll it on top like this

so that way it's fully sticky

all around and what you'll do with that

is you'll attach it to the opposite side

here

and now what you'll do is you'll take

this red wire and stick it to the tape

making sure that it's right about in the

center here

and then you're going to place the

battery above the wire so you're going

to find the negative side and place it

here

and just to test to make sure that

everything works you could take this

wire

and touch it to the positive side

and your battery should sorry excuse me

your motor should start

vibrating and you can feel that

now what you'll want to do similar to

the decorative led

is that you'll want to then place um

the blue wire on top and a piece of tape

and then you should have your working

bristle

and this will be what your bristle bot

looks like it'll start moving around

you can change a bit so you can see

mine's kind of

spinning in a circle and what you can do

to solve that

is to place your pipe cleaner

through these wires and you loop it

around the

the bristle here make sure you don't

pull out any of the wires so you might

have to go through underneath them

but as you do that you can make little

legs

and it might take a little bit of trial

and error in trying to

place the legs so that way it moves

in a straight line um

it'll take a little bit

of practice this is also helpful if for

whatever reason

your bristle bot keeps falling over

and i'll keep messing around with this

until i can get it

to move however i want

essentially

now that you have your working

bristlebot i want you to think a little

bit about

variables so variable is something that

can change or be changed that will have

an effect

on our outcome so let's say

you want your bristol bot to spin in

circles or you want it to

travel in a certain direction my

challenge to you

is what can you change on your

bristlebot

to make that happen can you move the

battery around

can you add multiple legs

check the different angles of the legs

you can maybe even add some weight to it

if you have something at home that you

can tape on and

and just see what happens right and the

next challenge

if you want to take the challenge

is taking some tape scissors cardboard

or cardstock

and creating a challenge course or a

maze for your bristlebot

this can look like anything you want it

to and your end goal is to

have the bristlebot go from start to

finish and i'd love to hear more about

what you created and how it worked out

for you and what variables you changed

to make your bristlebot

have a different outcome

hi and welcome back in this activity

we'll be making a scribble bot so

scribble bot is similar to

the bristlebot we had made earlier very

similar concept

the same type of circuit

and we'll be actually creating our motor

to have a little bit of instability to

it to cause that

um vibration like we saw in the scribble

bot and then or sorry the

bristlebot and then instead of the

bristles

we'll have markers at the end and those

will

essentially write on your paper

Materials

so for your scribble bot you'll need a

piece of paper a large piece of paper

which i have

right here um you'll need a paper cup

two wires some tape

three markers popsicle stick

double a battery and a dc motor and this

one

comes with the stand you can use it if

you want although it's not necessary

but this stand can offer you a little

bit of height if

you want in your design

Design

to start you'll need your paper cup and

your three markers

as well as your tape and what you'll do

is you'll take a piece of tape

and tape them all along the inside here

and make sure they're all of equal

distance

they don't necessarily have to be

perfect but just enough to keep

some stability so i'll show you what

that looks like once i have them

all taped in this is how my scribble bot

looks so far as you can see i have some

tape right here

and all three of these are about

equidistant

and if you place it down you'll want to

make sure i know you can't really see

this that well in the camera

but you just want to make sure that it's

stable and it it sticks upright

Wiring

then you'll want to take your motor and

your two wires and connect the wires

to the little terminals here at the end

and as you can see there are these two

little

metal parts right here that have

a loop and what you'll do is you'll take

one end here

and loop it through

and then you'll want to bend it back on

itself here the wire

so that way it maintains its connection

and it doesn't fall off when the bristle

bot

is shaking and you'll do this to the

other side as well

and this is what you'll have so you'll

have these two

here be careful not to bend these too

often these terminals

because the metal here is very thin and

so it can become brittle and break off

and you don't want that to happen

because then it's very hard

to use the motor next you'll take your

motor

and your cup and you'll want to make

sure your cup is upside down so like

this is how you would typically use a

cup

have it upside down here and you'll want

to tape the

motor to the side of the cup and one

thing to make sure

is that the part that sticks out of the

motor here

you want to make sure it's hanging a

fair amount off of the

cup because what we'll do is we'll take

our popsicle stick and we'll place it

on here right and when it's spinning you

want to make sure the cup doesn't stop

it if it's too close then it won't be

able to spin

but if it has enough clearance then it

should spin and do the job

so what you'll do is you'll tape it in

and no worries you can always untape

things

replace things um reposition them

so it's no big deal this is just to kind

of get us our starting point

this is what this will look like you'll

want to make sure

so i kind of have my tape overlap but i

can always

rip a little bit of this tape off so

that way it's not

hanging off too much here and it won't

get in the way of the popsicle stick

and then after this step you'll want to

find a place

for your battery to be just it can be

anywhere on here as long as the wires

reach so

if you have long enough wires and you

want to place it underneath the cup you

might be able to do that

otherwise you can place it anywhere on

top or the side

and so you'll just tape down your

battery

Testing

so now you can test your battery and

your motor make sure it works

um what you'll do is you'll take

one wire and you'll place it to the

positive end

and then another wire to the negative

end

and this may take a little bit of

moving around or you might need an extra

pair of hands if you can

but you'll place them both on these ends

and you'll listen to here

for the motor

so the motor and the battery are working

just great um

and your next step will be to

take your popsicle stick and tape it on

to

the stick part of the motor and what

you'll want to make sure is that your

popsicle stick is not on center so this

is important part

you don't want your popsicle stick to be

right in the center

because then your scribble bot won't

move as much if it's very

balanced it might just spin like a

propeller

but if it's a little off-center it'll

make it wobbly and that's what can cause

your scroll bot to move around more and

make different designs

so you'll want to make sure that it's

not on center

and then once you have it taped on

you'll want to flip it around a few

times

and just make sure that it's not hitting

the cup i'll come

back after i have this tape down to show

you what that looks like

now that i have my popsicle stick taped

up to my motor

i'm just going to rotate it a few times

and make sure it's not hitting any part

of the cup or anything else

we want to make sure that there's the

least amount of resistance

which means that the

motor will be able to work at full

capacity

so after this step you'll want to start

to

tape down um the wires on either end

of the battery and so to do this you

will

just take a little piece of tape

Adding Wire

and make sure your wire is really on

there and that your tape is

is completely stuck down because if you

have tape that's not

keeping the wire completely down then

your bristle bot might

in a sense turn off because the circuit

is then open and uncomplete incomplete

so here i am just pressing down on the

wire making sure that it has full

contact

with that negative side and then

we'll take this wire and

place it on this positive end but first

we can

again test it out and see what it looks

like so

as you can see my motor is spinning and

the popsicle stick

it might be hitting a little bit but

that's okay

um it's doing enough spinning for

it to be okay with me so your next step

will be taping this part down

and then you can remove the caps and

place it on your paper and see what

happens

all right so now i have everything taped

down i took the caps off the motor is

running

i'm going to place it on my paper so

let's see what kind of design it makes

got stuck on the end i had to make shift

a large piece of paper so i take down

four pieces of paper so i kind of got

stuck here but that's okay

here i'll put it down on one square

so

okay and if you want it to stop just

take off one of the pieces of tape

like you would with the scribble bot um

and then make sure that you put your

caps back on so they don't dry out and

it doesn't get ink

anywhere you don't want it to be

and you can always explore a little bit

more

you can change the position of the

popsicle stick

you can also change where your motor is

you can

if you have any other objects that are

similar to this you can put those on

i've seen

um some bristle busts before that have

like a cork at the end that's off center

and you can if you have more markers you

can add more markers you can change the

positioning and the markers

there's so many different things you can

do to get different design

on your scribble bot so i would really

encourage you all to

try it out and see what kinds of

patterns you get and

explore what happens when you actually

switch

these two wires so

instead of having the one on this end

attached to the positive end and the one

on this end attached to the negative end

what if you flip those what happens what

happens to the propeller

so try it out and see what you get

There's a mineral that comes from earth called gypsum, and if you heat it up really hot, it dries it out, turns it into a really fine powder. I gotta show you some really cool things you can do with that fine powder today. I'm Pat Willis with 4-H in Washington County. Here's a list of supplies you're going to need for this great activity. That dried gypsum is actually Plaster of Paris. You might not have this at home, but you can get it at Fred Meyers, Ace Hardware, those types of places. Another thing you'll need is some kind of container to put the plaster in and mix it up, and some kind of stir stick, not a spoon, any kind of stick or even a ziploc bag works really good too, we can show you that. The other thing you'll need is some kind of form, like cardstock or paper with a paper clip. Sometimes I'll take these two-liter bottles and just cut them into about one or two-inch strips with a pair of scissors, nice and easy. And something to clean up with, a whisk broom works good or a paintbrush, even a toothbrush, anything like that. And the last thing you need is just plain old tap water to carry out with you in the field. And we will see you outside.

Plastercast: All right, we're outside here, and now I was looking for some tracks in our backyard but really didn't see any, so we're gonna make one up here. We have a horseshoe pit right here with some nice sand in it and our dog Boo Boo, and she just loves this stuff. We will push your foot down into the soft sand and make a nice little track impression with that. So that's just right, Boo Boo, good dog! Now, I'm gonna use one of those rings I showed earlier, we'll push that around the track. It was just right and it makes turn out really nice when you do that. Good dog. And now take the plaster, use about on this one, I'm using about 2 cups of plaster and you end up doing about a cup of water to get it just right. We'll stir it up with some water right here. You don't want to put too much water in and get it too runny. We want it just right, about the thickness of pancake batter so when you pour it into the tracks, it fills all the cracks and crevices of that impression in the sand. It's better to have a little less water than more. Boo Boo is really looking forward to this. That'll be just about right. Just pour it into the track, try to get as much of it out as you can. You do this after about five or ten minutes after you mix up the water and plaster otherwise it will just harden up in your container. Boo Boo is a big help.

Tiki Vase: But you can do this inside too. All kinds of good art projects you can do with plaster and what I want to do is make a plaster cast of a kind of a tiki vase here. And I've had some nice soft sand, I brought in a little water to make it a little bit moist that way and I just gotta press this down into the sand to get a nice impression. Do that. Oh, that's nice, that would be good. And I got to use plaster instead of in a container just in a ziploc bag. It's really nice for taking in the field. It's about 2 cups of plaster and about a cup of water. You got some water, you're gonna pour it in here and I'm gonna stir it up just by hand inside here like this. Hold the ziplock bag and kind of mix it up. And We're not going to use a circle to go around is because a little too big for our circle but just pour a great big track there are quick. Little too thick yeah and you have to do this once you pour the water in there probably at about five minutes maybe 10 minutes at the most because it'll start to harden up. So when you're out in the field you carry your water separately and your plaster separately when you're doing your tracks. That's probably right like pancake batter. What I like to do is kind of get it down on one end, I'll actually just tear a hole in the ziplock bag in a corner if I can. And then we will squirt it down inside here, almost like when you're making, you know, cake decorating, you can just put it down in here and across the entire track. That came out cool. Oh yeah this would be great and we're going to liquefy it or knead it like we did before. I'm just going to take the top of the plaster bag, watch this, I'll just kind of wiggle it a little bit. See how that wiggles like that. They liquefies it and it gets it down on all those cracks and crevices without touching the sand and moving the sand around. It's really great. So we'll let that harden up for about 20 minutes and hold out and clean it up. Okay here we are back at Boo Boo's track. On a good sunny day so it should take twenty minutes, we gave it an hour because it is windy out. What I like to do is pick these up, now be gentle, I kind of push underneath the sand like this and pull it out like that. Then clean it up off the bottom with a whisk broom. And that works pretty good. If you don't have that, sometimes a paint brush works fine. Gets down to the cracks. So there is Boo Boo's track, I will show you a couple other ones we have. That's your plaster cast. All right, we brought these in from the field, they're hardened up now and but if you want you could wait a full day and actually run them underneath the sink or a faucet if you want to clean them up a little bit more. But these plaster casts they're a great way of collecting data in the field, still used today as part of a science projects. But you can, well, I like to record where I found it, what it was, and I even paint them and it's a great art project too. Hey Willis? Yeah? Why does my toothbrush taste like dirt? I have no idea...

Hi everyone, Dr. Kristen here, recording this video from the Washington County 4-H Extension office. I'm really excited to introduce this first activity for our new 4-H Spark Kit program. I know we can't be together right now, but that doesn't mean we can't learn together. So, you may or may not know this, but I am actually an animal scientist and I studied lactation, so I'm super excited to show you these activities.

Grizzly Bears: We're going to talk about grizzly bears. They're a very fascinating animal because the mother bear can actually give birth and nurse her cubs while she is hibernating. So, that means that she is not eating or drinking during this time. And so, during this time while she's hibernating and she's nursing her cubs, the cubs are growing and about 150 days after the cubs are born, the mother and the cub actually leave the den. At that time, it's really interesting because grizzly bear's milk composition changes a little bit and so the protein content in the grizzly bear's milk actually doubles and helps support their growth.

Blue Whales: Blue whales are extremely fascinating. They have the largest mammary glands in the world. One mammary gland actually weighs the same as a baby elephant. Now, blue whales have to nurse their calves in the ocean, so their milk is 50 percent milk fat. Now, think about the whole milk that you can buy in the grocery stores from cows, that is three percent. So, 50 percent milk fat makes that when the blue whale is lactating, milk it actually forms globules or kind of big milk bubbles in the ocean so the calves can nurse the milk a lot easier.

Holstein Cows: Holstein cows are a powerhouse milking machine. In one day, a Holstein cow can produce six to seven gallons of milk. That's the same as about 96 to 110 glasses of milk in one day. Fascinating, huh? Also, the cool thing is Holstein cows are usually milked about 300 days out of the year.

Mice: The fourth animal we're going to talk about is actually my favorite. We're going to talk about mice. So, I studied mouse lactation in grad school and I did this because kind of two reasons. One, I used them as a model for human breast cancer so I studied mice in that context and also I used mice to study kind of small dairy cows. They're very efficient milkers. They make a ton of milk in a short two-week time period, so much milk that they can secrete their body weight alone in just milk fat. So, that's about 32 grams of milk fat that they can make and secrete out in two weeks. Kind of fascinating, huh?

Platypus: Now, this one's really cool. This is the fifth animal we're going to talk about, and it is a platypus. They are an egg-laying mammal, and they're fascinating because they nurse their offspring by just secreting the milk from the skin pores on their belly. So, it just kind of comes out everywhere because their offspring have bills. It's really hard for them to nurse off of the teeth, so it just comes through their skin. So, they don't have a teat like you would think of an udder of a cow. Also, fascinating is within the last 10 years, there's a lot of animal scientists that have been studying the platypus milk because it naturally secretes this very special protein in the milk that actually is antibacterial.

Kangaroo: The sixth animal that we're going to talk about is the grey kangaroo. Now, kangaroos are extraordinary because they can support a young joey and an older joey sibling at the same time, and they make two different milks to kind of support their growth. So, the gestation period or the length of a pregnancy for kangaroos is about 33 days. That's pretty short. So, that means when joeys are born they're about the size of a jelly bean, and then they will go and they will stay in a kangaroo's pouch for a year and they will nurse there. Now, the interesting thing is a kangaroo can have a joey in its pouch and also an older joey sibling that has left the pouch already but kind of still hangs around and the mom takes care of it. And the interesting thing about kangaroos is that they can secrete out two different kinds of milk. So, the young joey in the pouch will get a milk that's really high in sugars, the older joey that is out and about and learning about the world is getting a milk that's really high in protein. Fascinating stuff, huh? Milk, I could talk about this all day, honestly.

Hi everybody, Dr. Kristen here again, this time recording from my home. So today, we are going to talk about milk...again because I can't get enough of milk.

Milk is one of the oldest, most natural, and complex fluids in our lives. It naturally has proteins, sugars, fats, vitamins, and minerals. One of the interesting facts about it is that about 4 years ago, some archaeologists dug up some really old pottery, about 3,000 years old to be exact. They found remnants of burnt cheese at the bottom of these pots. So that is some evidence that dairy has been in our lives for a really long time.

Can you think of any dairy products in your life? What's your favorite? Milk has been used in a variety of ways to make different dairy products that we enjoy and love in our lives today. Like ice cream, cottage cheese, cream cheese, cheese in general. There are a lot of different kinds of cheese, there's soft cheese, hard cheese. Butter, can't forget butter. Now I'm thinking about ice cream. Yogurt, how can I forget about yogurt. I can go on and on. Dairy is used for a lot of different reasons.

So one of the different components in milk, milk proteins, is what we are going to talk about today and what we are going to use in our science experiment. We are going to use all of the materials in the Spark Kit to do this experiment. I suggest finding a place that you don't mind getting messy. Maybe in the kitchen that is easy to clean up and find your favorite grown-up to help you out.

So milk proteins are pretty interesting. Naturally, milk proteins are very much in an ordered and folded formation. 80% of the milk protein that we eat and we drink are called caseins. It is a very special milk protein.

Alright, can't wait to see you guys start this activity. You can either follow along in this video or use the written instructions in the Spark Kit.