Honey Bee Colony Maintenance Expenses: Supplemental Feed, Requeening and Medication

Introduction

Success in pollination, honey production and other aspects of a beekeeping business depends on honey bee health. Strong, thriving colonies require many inputs from the beekeeper, including feed (carbohydrates and protein), medications and new queens when necessary.

Supplemental feed

Honey bees seek carbohydrate and protein sources by foraging for nectar and pollen during resource abundance. When floral resources are scarce, beekeepers may provide supplemental feed to colonies. The amount of feed provided to a colony will vary based on stored resources in the colony and environmental conditions. Beekeepers feed syrup and protein in spring to stimulate colony growth. They will also provide resources during inclement weather, late summer, and autumn to prepare colonies for winter. PNW commercial beekeepers report feeding colonies between 1.5 to 8 gallons of sugar syrup and 3 to 6.5 gallons of syrup in the autumn (Table 1, page 2).

A variety of feed products are available on the market. Syrup feed is either sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, or a blend of each. AGM and Cargill manufacture bulk syrup, but a beekeeper must go through a broker to purchase from these manufacturers. Prices fluctuate constantly and in early 2020 ranged between $0.29-$0.38 per pound ($3.30-$4.39 per gallon) (Table 3, page 3).

Table 1. Quantity of sugar syrup feed in Idaho and Oregon during spring and autumn

	Season*	Range (gal/colony)
Idaho	Spring	2.5–8
Idaho	Autumn	3–4
Oregon	Spring	1.5–4
Oregon	Autumn	3–6.5

Source: Information gathered from PNW beekeepers

*Spring is defined as Jan. 1 to honey harvest and autumn is defined as honey harvest to Dec. 31.

Beekeepers also place 1-pound premade protein supplement patties inside colonies seasonally (Figure 1). PNW commercial beekeepers report feeding up to 6 pounds of protein in the spring and 4–8 pounds in the autumn (Table 2). The cost of premade protein supplement patties ranges from $1.09-$1.57 per pound (Table 3, page 3).

Table 2. Quantity of protein supplement feed in Idaho and Oregon during spring and autumn

	Season*	Range (lb/colony)
Idaho	Spring	2–6
Idaho	Autumn	5–6
Oregon	Spring	0–4
Oregon	Autumn	4–8

Sources: Information gathered from PNW beekeepers.

*Spring is defined as Jan. 1 to honey harvest and autumn is defined as honey harvest to Dec. 31.

Table 3. Average and range of purchase cost for sugar syrup and protein supplement

	Unit	Average	Range
Syrup*	$/lb	$0.32	$0.29–$0.38
Syrup*	$/gal	$3.81	$3.30–$4.39
Protein supplement**	$/lb	$1.25	$1.09–$1.57

Sources: Information gathered from PNW beekeepers, Dadant & Sons, Inc. (Hamilton, Illinois), Dakota Gunness, Inc. (Abercrombie, North Dakota), and Mann Lake Ltd. (Hackensack, Minnesota).

*Prices are for a full tank load (sold by hundredweight) and include a range of syrup types: high fructose corn syrup, sucrose and blends.

**Based on bulk prices of premade patties.

Syrup feeding systems

Beekeepers store and dispense sugar syrup to colonies with feeding systems that require a feed tank, pump and hose system (Table 4). A high-output pump and motor may be mounted and secured to the truck deck with a feed tank (Figure 2). A feed tank is often a reusable bulk container, such as an IBC tote, capable of holding 275 gallons of syrup (Figure 2). A variety of hoses and valves are needed to administer syrup from the feed tank to internal feeders in colonies.

Table 4. Range of purchase cost for feedingsystem equipment

	Range ($/unit)
Portable IBC syrup tank	$75–$300
Truck pump	$500–$1,200

Source: Information gathered from beekeepers.

Requeening

Young queens are productive and keep a colony at its top performance. Many beekeepers replace the queen (a process called requeening) annually and others do it on an as-needed basis. Beekeepers may need to requeen in a colony if the established queen is old, injured, performing poorly or lost. Losing a queen could be due to beekeeper error, a transportation mishap, pesticide damage or other causes. Beekeepers also requeen to break the brood cycle, a management technique to reduce Varroa mite reproduction or brood disease proliferation. The price of mated queens range from $24–$75 per queen, and queen cell prices range from $5–$8 per cell (Table 5). It may be more cost-effective for a beekeeper to incorporate queen production within their operation (refer to the “Further reading” section for an economic analysis).

Table 5. Average and range of purchase cost for mated queens and queen cells

	Unit	Average ($/unit)	Range ($/unit)
Mated queen	Queen	$28	$24–$38
Mated queen (specialty stock)	Queen	$55	$41–$75
Queen cell	Cell	$6	$5–$8

Sources: Information gathered from PNW beekeepers and American Bee Journal Marketplace advertisements.

Medication

Honey bees need routine management and treatment for a myriad of diseases and pests. The Varroa mite (Varroa destructor) is fatal to nearly all hives if left untreated or undertreated. Monitoring Varroa mite levels and responding timely with effective treatments is paramount to successful beekeeping. Organic and synthetic miticide treatment options are available to beekeepers with varying costs (Table 6, page 5). Each product has its own limitations, such as temperature requirements, restrictions on use during honey production and potential risk to queens. PNW commercial beekeepers report using two to four different miticides every year with several treatment applications in spring and autumn.

Table 6. Average purchase cost of miticide treatments for Varroa mite management*

Active ingredient	Treatment trade name	Dose quantity per purchase package	Average cost per application unit	Average cost per colony**
Amitraz	Apivar	50 pack	$2.75/strip	$10.98 (4 strips) $5.49 (2 strips)
Formic acid	Formic Pro	30 dose	$2.41/strip	$4.82 (2 strips) $2.41 (1 strip)
Formic acid	Mite Away Quick Strips	30 dose	$2.21/strip	$4.42 (2 strips) $2.21 (1 strip)
Hop beta acid	Hopguard II	24 pack	$2.16/strip	$8.66 (4 strips) $4.33 (2 strips)
Hop beta acid	Hopguard III	5 pack	$3.30/strip	$13.18 (4 strips) $6.59 (2 strips)
Oxalic acid	Oxalic acid, dribble	35 g	$0.40/application	$0.40 (1 application)
Oxalic acid	Oxalic acid, vapor***	35 g	$0.23/application	$0.23 (1 application) $0.68 (3 applications)
Thymol	Apiguard	3 kg	$1.67/50 g	$3.33 (2 applications of 50g)
Thymol	ApiLife VAR	100 pack	$1.65/tablet	$4.95 (3 tablets)

Sources: Dadant & Sons, Inc. (Hamilton, Illinois), Mann Lake Ltd. (Hackensack, Minnesota), and Western Bee Supplies, Inc. (Polson, Montana).

*We do not include coumaphos and fluvalinate products due to evidence of Varroa mite resistance to these products.

**Different options are provided due to varying colony sizes (see product labels for dosage information).

***The prices for the vaporizer and safety equipment are not included.

Several honey bee brood diseases require treatment or culling to limit transmission. Two serious brood diseases are American Foulbrood (AFB) and European Foulbrood (EFB), both of which can lead to a serious decline in colony health or death. Treatment options include antibiotic treatment or destroying infected equipment. A prescription or a veterinary feed directive from a veterinarian is required to obtain antibiotics for honey bees. The antibiotic Terramycin is approved to treat both European Foulbrood and American Foulbrood with a veterinary feed directive. However, American Foulbrood resistance to antibiotics has been reported. Terramycin is mixed in grease (extender) patties or powdered sugar. These products can be found at bee supply stores and are similar in price, ranging from $0.06–$0.92 per colony (Table 7, page 6). Tylosin tartrate (Tylan) and lincomycin hydrochloride (Lincomix) are alternative antibiotics approved for treating American Foulbrood. They require a prescription for purchase, so you can only obtain these products through your veterinarian. AFB resistance to Tylan or Lincomix has not been reported. However, prolonged use of antibiotics can lead to resistance.

Table 7. Average purchase cost of antibiotic treatments for foulbrood disease

Active ingredient	Treatment trade name	Disease treated	Dose quantity per purchase package	Treatment applications per colony	Average cost per colony
Oxytetracycline	Terra-Patties	AFB, EFB	45 lb	1	$0.92
	Terra-Pro	AFB, EFB	40 lb	3	$0.39
	Terramycin 100MR	AFB, EFB	50 lb	3	$0.06
Tylosin tartrate*	Tylan	AFB	100 g	3	$0.36
Lincomycin*	Lincomix	AFB	160 g	3	$0.05

Sources: Dadant & Sons, Inc. (Hamilton, Illinois), Mann Lake Ltd. (Hackensack, Minnesota), Petco Animal Supplies, Inc., and Heartland Veterinary Supply and Pharmacy.

*Tylosin tartrate and lincomycin are approved only for treating AFB. Price per colony does not include powdered sugar, which is required for mixing and application.

Wax moth does not negatively impact colony health in the PNW, but it is a pest that destroys stored equipment. The larvae consume wax and create dense webs that may render combs unusable. Wax moth control during winter storage is important for beekeepers to maintain comb integrity. Paradichlorobenzene (Para-Moth) controls wax moth during comb storage. Para-Moth treatment costs $0.34 per deep and $0.19 per medium box of frames (Table 8).

Some beekeepers use the antimicrobial agent fumagillin (Fumidil-B) to treat Nosema, a common gut infection. However, there is conflicting evidence that fumagillin reduces Nosema levels in honey bees. Beekeepers feed this medicated syrup to their colonies in the spring and/or autumn (Table 8).

Table 8. Average purchase cost of other treatments

Active ingredient

Treatment trade name

Unit

Treatment applications

Average cost per colony

Fumagillin

Fumidil-B

12 500g bottles

$1.73

Paradichlorobenzene

Para-Moth

5 lb

$0.34/deep box

$0.19/per medium box

Sources: Dadant & Sons, Inc. (Hamilton, Illinois), Mann Lake Ltd. (Hackensack, Minnesota), and Western Bee Supplies, Inc. (Polson, Montana).

About the authors

Ellen Topitzhofer

Carolyn Breece

Faculty Research Assistant

Dan Wyns

Ramesh Sagili

Apiculturist

Figure 1. One-pound protein supplement patty.

Figure 2: A truck deck with pump and hose secured on pallet and two IBC totes that serve as feed tanks.

Figure 2: A close-up of a feed tank, pump and hose setup on a truck bed.

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